FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EARLY PREGNANCY AMONG TEENAGERS IN NTAAWO WARD, MUKONO MUNICIPALITY

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Pregnancy: Is development of a fertilized ovum in the uterus of a female body

Teenager: Is a young person whose age falls within the range of 13–19years.

Teenage pregnancy: Is development of a fertilized ovum in the uterus of a young person whose age falls within the range of 13–19years.

Factors: A constituent or element that brings about certain effects or results, or indicates a specific multiple, number, or quantity.

Personal factors: are the individual factors that strongly influence their behaviors.

Social Economic factors: this refers to how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy.

ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS

WHO:            World Health Organisation

MoH:             Ministry of Health

RH:                Reproductive Health

TP:                 Teenage Pregnancy

UNFPA:        United Nations Family Planning Association

HIV:              Human Immune deficiency Virus

AIDS:            Acquired immune deficiency Syndrome

STI:                Sexually Transmitted Infection

FGD:             Focus group Discussion

UNMEB:      Uganda Nurses and Midwives Examination Board

VHT:             Village Health Team

LC:                 Local council

CPR:              Contraceptive Prevalence rate

ABR               Adolescent Birth Rate

NDHS             National Demographic & Health Survey

HRSC             Human Research Society of Centebury

NCSL             National Conference of State Legislature

DHS                Demographic and Health Survey

USAID           United States Agency for International Development

NFHP             Nepal Family Health Program

UBOS             Uganda Bureau of Statistics

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, problem statement, purpose of the study, specific objectives, research questions and justification of the study.

1.1 Background of the study

Teenager is a young person whose age falls within the range from 13–19years. They are called teenagers because their age number ends with “teen”. Teenage pregnancy is development of a fertilized ovum in the uterus of a young person whose age falls within the range from 13–19years. A girl can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate which can be before her first menstrual period (menarche), but usually occurs after the onset of her periods (Tufail, 2008).

Pregnancy can occur after menarche which usually occurs around the age of 12 or 13 years. But, it does not signify that the girl’s body is ready to give birth. If an adolescent girl becomes pregnant or gives birth before 19 years then it is known as teenage pregnancy. It is high risk situation for both mother and child because of their vulnerability to many health challenges (Singh, 2012).

Globally, 16 million adolescents give birth each year covering 11% of births worldwide. Ninety five percent of these births occur in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2008). The data from 51 countries indicated that 10% girls are already mothers by the age of 16. This figure is higher in Sub-Saharan Africa. The seven countries where TP and high birthrate are most prevalent are: Bangladesh, Brazil, Congo, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria and the United States (WHO, 2008). Worldwide survey on 10,000 teenagers signified, many adolescent girls lost their virginity in 15 years. Fifty two percent of surveyed teen girls reported they had unprotected sex, and 24% of adolescent having STIs reported of still having unprotected sex (Coffey, 2008).

In countries like North Africa, Eastern Asia, Oceania, the progress on reducing adolescent birth rate (ABR) stalled between 2000 & 2007. The least developed countries have highest ABR. Slight decrease in ABR has been seen between 1990 to 2000 i.e. from 133 to 117 but this again increased to 121 in 2007. Regions like Western Asia and South Eastern Asia have shown danger of reversal where rates increased from 52 to 53 and 39 to 44 respectively from 2000 and 2007. Sub Saharan Africa contributes highest ABR and has shown slow progress on reducing the ABR since 1990s. A significant decline in the birth rate in Latin America and Caribbean (from 80 to 74 and 77 to 68 between 2000 and 2007) and Southern Asia showed a decrease in birth rate (from 59 to 53 between 2000 to 2007) (UNFPA, 2010).

According to Kapulu (2009) indicates that in Zambia alone, 2,230 girls had been forced to drop out of school for the last years because they fell pregnant. In a conference held in Nairobi, it was disclosed that up to 42 million children who do not attend schools in Africa almost 60 percent are girls and this is due to teen pregnancy. In Latin America, survey show that 44 to 70% of the pregnancies of young unmarried women are unwanted while in Kenya 74% of unmarried women aged 15 to 19 reports their current pregnancies unwanted.

Most teenagers don’t plan to get pregnant, but many do. Like in any part of the world, teenagers in Uganda are faced with the same confusion that comes with the stress of making babies. Despite the fact that the teen birth rate is climbing, there are still thousands of teen pregnancies that occur in many institution around the country. Most of these pregnancies are unplanned for and have resulted into the birthing of more risky problems in the lives of child mothers which include deadly abortions. The biggest risk so far for teen mothers who decide to keep their pregnancies is delayed prenatal care or worse, no care at all (Ssendaula, 2014).

1.2 Problem statement

Uganda has a maternal mortality rate of 325 but most of these deaths have been associated with unsafe abortions and poor reproductive health services especially for the poor mothers and the under aged (Mukisa, 2009).  In Uganda, adolescents are confronted with life threatening health risks related to unwanted pregnancies, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) which have been addressed by various organizations. However, other reproductive health programs such as family planning have been less successful as indicated by the lower reproductive health indicators in Uganda compared to the region (East Africa) and Sub-Sahara Africa.

In Mukono Church of Uganda hospital out of the 250 women who come for antenatal care and delivery, 21 of them are of the age of 13-19years and Ntaawo being a village in Mukono, it contributes to this great problem. It’s upon the above background that that researcher picked interest in carrying out a study about factors contributing to early pregnancies among teenagers in Ntaawo ward Mukono municipality.

1.3 Study purpose

To assess the factors contributing to early pregnancies among teenagers in Ntaawo ward Mukono municipality.

1.4 Specific objectives

1. To assess the personal factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Ntaawo ward Mukono municipality.
2. To ascertain the socio economic factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Ntaawo ward Mukono municipality

1.5 Research questions

1. What are the personal factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Ntaawo ward Mukono municipality?
2. What are the socio economic factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Ntaawo ward Mukono municipality?

1.6 Justification for the study

According to Whalen and Loper (2008), teenage pregnancy rate varied from as low as 1.8% at the age of 15 to as high as 7.2% at the age of 18. Fluctuating trends were observed across all age groups and states. For every 1,000 girls aged 15 to 19 in Uganda, there are more than 40 births, according to UNICEF report 2012 (UNICEF, 2012).

To the teenagers of Ntaawo, the study will help them acquire information on factors contributing to early pregnancy. This will be done by holding a session with them after the research which will take 30 mins.

To local leaders, the findings will form a basis upon which appropriate interventions can be devised to prevent early pregnancy. This will be ensured by the researcher giving a report copy to the local leaders.

The research report will act as a source of literature to other future researchers. This will be ensured by putting a copy of the report in the library.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents literature related to teenage pregnancy that other researchers have reviewed which is in line with personal factors and socio economic factors influencing teenage pregnancy.

2.2 Personal factors contributing to teenage pregnancy

According Chitiga (2014), early sexual activities are affected by development characteristics such as early puberty and high level of androgen hormones, which are associated with increased adolescent sexual behavior.

Posel (2013), stresses that adolescent pregnancy most often is caused by lack of access to schools, employment, quality information and health care. Early pregnancy reflects powerlessness, poverty and pressures from partners, peers, families and communities. In South Africa all children have access to free education and health services. It can be argued that private schools offer a better education as compared to public schools (Muligwe 2012).

Education is one of the most effective ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, but in most of the cases governments do not have funding to provide proper health programmes. Burdette (2012), asserts that childbearing is more likely among women from low income level and education than among their better off peers. Teenage mothers are less likely to finish school and more likely to live in poverty, depend on public assistance and be in poor health (NCSL 2014).

Parents do not guide and supervise their children on issues relating to sexuality. Parents’ lack of education about schools and government and sex and relationships is a contributing factor of teenage pregnancy (Mbeki 2010). Most parents lack both the knowledge and skill to talk openly about sex with their children. They feel disempowered to talk about sex to their children in an environment which emphasises a right based culture for children.

Adolescents may become sexually active before marriage exposing them to pregnancy. In Nepal, for men the average age for sexual intercourse was 16.7 years and women of same age is 17.7 years. So, men start sexual intercourse one year earlier than women indicating premarital sex (NDHS, 2011).

In 19 sub-Saharan African countries rates of pre-marital sex before the age of 18 rose significantly between 1993 and 2001 and while CPR has also increased for this age group, it has not done so at the same rate (Blanc, 2009).  Adolescent and young women generally have limited access than older individuals to FP methods. Levels of contraceptive prevalence among young women have remained low in most countries throughout the world.

The general knowledge gap filled by the educational gap between parents and children contributes towards the sense of disempowerment (HRSC 2009). Parents’ lack of knowledge about safe sex and use of contraceptives such as condoms, pills, and loops (Deckert, 2010) is problematic.

2.3 Socio economic factors contributing to teenage pregnancy.

Among all women who are married or in union, adolescents have the lowest rates of contraceptive use and have shown the least change since 2000 (UNFPA, 2010). In Latin America and the Caribbean many countries have higher than 50% CPR among sexually active young women while in sub-Saharan Africa the rate is less than 30% for the same population.

Opeyemi (2010), conducted a study on social and economic influences of teenage pregnancies in Africa and found that teenage pregnancy remains an important and a complex issue around the world, with reports indicating that Africa has higher rates than other continents. Data sets from the World Bank Organisation between 2008 and 2010 specific to 51 African countries were obtained to conduct a study based on availability.

Motswaledi (2013), states that the youth living in poverty have a teen pregnancy rate of five times the average rate. The poor socio-economic circumstances seem to play a major role in increasing rates of teenage pregnancy. Teenage girls from low income families are falling pregnant at a higher rate than those from middle and upper income families.

Yalesias (2012), confirms that women choose to become mothers because their economic outlook is objectively bleak. There is a desire for financial security, and by falling in love with affluent people who will support them financially, women attain this desire. As a result, they are exploited by older men. Sometimes, even if they were given money for transport to and from school, children tend to hitchhike and fall sexual victims of older men.

Unconventional psychosocial attitudes and some risk behavior, such as early use of alcohol, Tobacco and drugs, school problems, delinquency and physical aggression are associated with early onset of adolescent sexual intercourse. Other factors include lower family incomes, Less supervision, Parental modeling and more permissive attitudes in single parent family (Deckert, 2010).

Kafle (2010), found that adolescent were at high risk of pregnancy at the age of 14 and 16 years. Moreover the risk was fifteen times higher in a guardian compared to living with both parents, and finally, girls from families of low socio-economic status had a higher risk of pregnancy. Also lack of necessary material to meet the needs of adolescents, because of parents poor socio-economic status, put adolescent girls at great risk of pregnancy.

Alcohol consumption, drug use could be the factors influencing of sexual behavior and TP. Evidence showed the close correlation between being drunk and having sexual intercourse (Limmer, 2008). A study in Nepal reported that 8.9% of pregnant teenagers abused alcohol whilst pregnant (Kafle, 2010). Studies suggest that alcohol consumption and unprotected sex are strongly associated.

A study conducted in Nepal by Akina (2011), on causes of teenage pregnancies in Nepal was committed to achieving healthy life including sexual and reproductive health of its teenagers, it was discovered that teenagers derived different wrong information from their peers concerning the use of family planning methods which lead them to the problem. The main factors were intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, structural and public policy. Part of the vulnerability of pregnant teenagers was related to the social determinants that led to early pregnancy.

Adebayo (2013), investigated the factors associated with teenage pregnancies and fertility in Nigeria. A subset of women aged 15 to 19 was extracted from the women data. The results showed that apart from the age of the teenagers, marital status was another strong predictor of the likelihood of being currently pregnant or having a child in the 5 years preceding the survey. An increase in age was associated with increase in the odds of being pregnant. Ensuring that female teenagers remain in school is vital to mitigating the negative outcomes of teenage pregnancies and child bearing.

A research conducted by Malahlela (2012), on the contributing factors of teenage pregnancies and also to investigate the educators perceptions of the effects of teenage pregnancies on the behaviour of secondary school learners in Mankweng area, Limpopo province. The study revealed that poverty, shortage of family planning experts, drug abuse, absent parents, and non-use of contraceptives as the factors which contributed to teenage pregnancies.

Among rural adolescents aged 15-19 in Uganda, both unwanted and mistimed pregnancies were more common among those who had been coerced than who had not. Coerced sexual intercourse represents only one of the more extremes of sexual abuse (Ikramullah, 2009). In Dar es Salaam, many victims of rape are between 12 and 17 at the time of the rape, and pregnancy is one of the outcomes. This has adverse consequences for young women’s future sexual and reproductive health.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The chapter focuses on the methods and procedures that will be used in conducting the study which includes; the study design and rationale, study setting and rationale, study population, sample size determination, sampling procedure, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, definition of variables, research instruments, data collection procedure, data management, data analysis, ethical consideration, anticipated limitation of the study and dissemination of results.

3.2 Study Design and rationale

The study will be cross sectional and descriptive in design, employing quantitative data collection method. It will be a cross sectional type of design because a number of variables like age, gender, religion, and education will be assessed. The study design will be chosen because it will help to study various factors i.e. personal, social and economic factors contributing to teenage pregnancy.

3.3 Study setting and rationale

The study will be conducted in Ntaawo ward Mukono municipality. Mukono Municipality is bordered by Kayuga to the north, Wakiso district to the west, Lake Victoria to the south and Buikwe to the east. On 27 August 2014, the national population census put Mukono’s population at 161,996 (UBOS, 2014). The main economic activities that people engage in include farming and businesses. The stable food is matooke and potatoes. This area is chosen because it is near for the researcher to access.

3.4 Study Population

The study will target female teenagers aged 13 to 19 years old, pregnant or non-pregnant, including those who have ever given birth.

3.4.1 Sample Size Determination

The study will involve 30 respondents. The research will choose only 30 respondents because they are representative enough of the study population and because of the limited finances and time.

3.4.2 Sampling procedure

Purposive sampling will be employed where any female teenagers aged 13 to 19 pregnant or non-pregnant will be sampled from their homes until the required sample size is obtained. The researcher will access the home where females aged 13 to 19 will be identified.

3.4.3 Inclusion criteria

The study will include female teenagers aged 13 to 19 years pregnant or non-pregnant.

3.4.4 Exclusion Criteria

The study will exclude all males, females not in the age bracket of 13-19 years.

3.5 Definition of variables

Variables are the characteristics of a respondent the researcher wishes to explore or study.

Independent variables

These are the demographic characteristics of the respondents such as age, marital status, education, occupation.

Dependent variable

The dependent variables of the study will be personal factors and socio-economic variable.

Personal factors: are the individual factors that strongly influence their behaviors.

Social Economic factors: this refers to how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy.

3.6 Research Instruments

A questionnaire will be used which will be first pretested on 5 people in Kauga village to assess its effectiveness and accuracy. The questionnaire will be written in English. The questionnaire will also be interpreted in Luganda for the illiterate respondents.

3.7 Data Collection Procedure

A letter of introduction will be obtained from Public Health Nurses’ College which will be given to the LC 1 chairperson who will be explained to the purpose and objective of the study. The LC 1 chairperson will introduce the researcher to the village health team (VHT) member who will help to introduce the researcher to the respondents. The researcher will explain the purpose and objective of the study to respondents and ask for their informed consent. Every respondent who will fit in the inclusion criteria and is willing to consent will be given a questionnaire to answer and for those who don’t understand English, they will be given Luganda copies and will be assisted by the research assistant. Every completed questionnaire will be collected per day until the desired number of respondents is reached. The researcher will sample 6 respondents per day for a period of 5 days to make a total of 30 respondents.

3.7.1 Data management

This will include all measures put in place to ensure that quality data is obtained. The management will include data editing before leaving the area of study to ensure that there are no mistakes or areas left blank and if any mistakes are found they will be corrected before leaving the field. The researcher will also code the questionnaire and store them in the file for safety and locked in a place which can only be accessed by the researcher.

3.7.2 Data analysis and presentation

The data will be analysed manually by use of pens and papers to tally thereafter quantitative data will be analyzed statistically and presented in tables, figure and narratives.

3.8 Ethical Consideration

A letter of introduction will be obtained from Kyambogo Public Health Nurses College seeking permission to carry out the study. The letter will be presented to the local council one chairperson who will introduce the researcher to the village health team (VHT) member who will help to introduce the researcher to the respondents.  The study will only commence after the purpose and the objectives of the study have been clearly and well explained to participants. Only those who will be willing to participate in the study will be given questionnaire. Respondents will be assured of confidentiality and privacy.

3.9 Anticipated Limitations of the Study

The researcher might face a challenge of limited cooperation from the respondents. This may be due to their own reasons among themselves being that they have limited time and interest in providing the information required. However, the researcher will strive to explain to them the importance of the study as academic so as to get their cooperation.

Also the researcher may face a challenge of some respondents who are not literate. This will be overcome by translating to them the meaning of the questions in the language that they understand.

The research may face limited time to carry out research and other classroom work. However, the researcher will draw a work plan which will be strictly followed.

The Researcher may be limited by financial resources such as the transport costs and stationery to carry out her research effectively. In an effort to mitigate this shortcoming, the researcher will source for funds from a few relatives.

3.10 Dissemination of results

The results will be disseminated to:-

• Uganda Nurses and Midwives Examination Board (UNMEB)
• Public Health Nurses College (PHNC)
• LCI chairperson.
• Teenagers of Ntaawo.

REFERENCES

Adebayo, O. (2014). Factors Associated with Teenage Pregnancy and Fertility in Nigeria. Ibadan.    Social Sector Group, Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research.

Akina, S. (2012). Teenage Pregnancy in Nepal: Consequences, Causes and Policy Recommendations.  Nepal. Publisher: Royal Tropical Institute.

Acharya, D. R., Bhattarai, R., Poobalan, A., van,T. E. R, Chapman G.,(2010). Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in South Asia: a systematic review. Health Science Journal Vol.4Issue. [online]. Available from: http://www.hsj.gr/volume4/issue1/402.

Blanc, AK., Tsui, AO., Croft, TN., Trevitt, JL.,  Patterns and trends in adolescents’ contraceptive use and discontinuation in developing countries and comparisons with adult women. International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 2009.

Coffey, L.T., (2008). “Survey: Unprotected sex common among teens”, TODAY Parenting, 19th November, 2008.

Domenico. D. M & Jones K. H (2007). Adolescent pregnancy in America: Causes and response:  Journal for vocational special needs education, Volume 30.

Ikramullah. E. et al. (2009) parent’s matters: The role of parents in teens decisions about sex.  Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington DC.

Kafle, P.P., Pakuryal,P.N., Regmi , R. R., Luintel,S.,(2010). Health problems and social consequences in teenage pregnancy in rural Kathmandu Valley Nepal Med Coll J, 12(1): 42-44.

Limmer,M.,(2008). Addressing young people’s sex and alcohol use: Its about aspiration not information. Education and Health, 26,38-39.

Makundi, E. (2010). Factors Contributing to High Rate of Teenage Pregnancy in Mtwara, Tanzania. Muhimbili University of Health Allied Sciences.

Malahlela, M. (2012). The Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on the Behaviour of Learners at Secondary Schools in the Mankweng Area, Limpopo. University of South Africa.

Nyakubega, M. (2010) Factors Associated With Teenage Pregnancies in Tanga. Tanga District. Upendo Publishers.

Ogori, A. (2013). The Cause and Effect of Teenage Pregnancy: Case of Kontagora Local Government Area in Nigeria State, Northern Part of Nigeria. Niger State. School of Vocational Education.

Opeyemi, L. (2010) Social and Economic Influences of Teenage Pregnancies in Africa. Lagos: Olade Publishers

Tebogo et al. (2012) Factors Contributing to Teenage Pregnancies. Capricon, Limpopo District.

Nthembi Publishers.

Thobejane (2015), factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in South Africa: The case of Matjitjileng village, J Sociology Soc. Anth 6(2): 273-277.

Plourde, K. (2012). “The Stories Behind the Statistics: Adolescent Pregnancy” Impatient Optimists (BILL and Melinda GATES foundation), 15th June, 2012: p.1.

Regmi,P,R., Simkhada,P., Van,T,E., ( 2010c). “There are too many naked pictures found in papers and on the net”:Factors encouraging premarital sex among young people of Nepal. Health Science Journal, Vol.4, Issue: 3.

Singh,A.,(2012). Understanding TEEN Pregnancy.

USAID, NFHP, UNFPA, Ministry of Health (2006). Repositioning Family Planning, Strategic Review of the National Family Planning Programme, Outcomes of National Consultative Meetings, Nepal.

UNFPA (2010). How Universal is Access to Reproductive Health? A review of the evidence from:http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2010/universal_rh.pdf (Assessed July 12, 2012).

DHS, Uganda DHS, 2006 Final Report (English). Uganda Bureau of Statistics Kampala, Uganda and Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland, USA.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

CONSENT FORM

PARTICIPANTS

Researcher: Namyalo Agnes

Topic: Factors contributing to early pregnancy among teenagers in Ntaawo ward, Mukono Municipality

The purpose of this study is to assess the factors contributing to early pregnancies among teenagers and the objectives of the study are to assess the personal factors, socio economic factors contributing to early pregnancy among teenagers.

The information you give will be treated with maximum confidentiality and you are assured of privacy.

No names will be included in this research but only numbers. This research is for academic purposes only and no financial benefits will be given.

This research will take you 20 – 30 minutes to complete.

I Namyalo Agnes have clearly explained the purpose and objectives of the study to the respondents and he/she has understood and consented to participate.

Signature: …………………………………… Date: …………………………………

(Researcher)

I have clearly understood the purpose and objectives of the study to the respondents and voluntarily accept to participate in the study.

Signature: …………………………………… Date: …………………………………

(Respondent)

APPENDIX II

BUDGET

APPENDIX III

WORK PLAN

APPENDIX IV

QUESTIONNAIRES

TOPIC: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EARLY PREGNANCY AMONG TEENAGERS IN NTAAWO WARD, MUKONO MUNICIPALITY.

Respondent NO.: …………………………

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Answer all questions in this questionnaire
2. Don’t include your name.

• Tick the correct answer in the box provided.

SECTION A: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

1. What is your age?
2. 13 – 14
3. 15 – 17
4. 18 – 19

2. What is your tribe?
3. Muganda
4. Musoga
5. Mukiga
6. Munyankore
7. Other (Specify)………………………………………………..
8. What is your religion?
9. Catholic
10. Protestant
11. Muslim
12. Pentecostal
13. Seventh Day Adventist
14. Others (specify)………………………………………………….
15. What is your marital status?
16. Single
17. Married
18. Divorced
19. Widowed
20. Other (specify)…………………………………………………

5. What is your level of education?
6. Uneducated
7. Primary
8. Secondary
9. Tertiary/University

6. What is your main occupation?
7. Farmer
8. Business
9. Civil servant
10. House wife
11. Other (specify)………………………………………………..

SECTION B: PERSONAL FACTORS

7. Have you ever heard about teenage pregnancy?
8. No
9. Yes
10. If yes, where did you hear it from?

………………………………………………………………………….

9. What is teenage pregnancy?
10. Is when an adolescent girl becomes pregnant or gives birth before 19 years.
11. Is development of a fertilized ovum in the uterus of a young person whose age falls within the range from 13–19years.
12. Is pregnancy in human females under the age of twenty.
13. Others specify……………………………………………………………………
14. Have you ever had sex?
15. No
16. Yes
17. If yes, at what age did you have your first intercourse?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

11. Have you ever been pregnant?
12. No
13. Yes
14. If yes, at what age did you get pregnant?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

14. Whom do you stay with?
15. Alone
16. parent
17. Husband
18. Guardian
19. Others specify……………………………………………………………………

SECTION C: SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS

15. Does your parent/guardian provide to you with basic needs when you are in need?
16. Yes
17. No

16. If no, where do you get support from?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

17. Do you have a peer group?
18. Yes
19. No
20. If yes from above, what issues do you discuss with your peer group?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

19. Do you think alcohol can lead to early pregnancy?
20. Yes
21. No
22. If yes how?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

21. Do you think girls should be encouraged to go back to school after giving birth in case of early pregnancy?
22. Yes
23. No
24. If yes, why?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

23. If no, why?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

24. Have you ever been sexually abused?
25. Yes
26. No
27. If yes, how?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

26. Do you think girls should abort in case of early pregnancy?
27. Yes
28. No
29. If yes, why?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

28. If no, why?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

29. At what age should girls get pregnant?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

30. How can a girl prevent early pregnancy?

Family planning

Abstinence

Keeping in school

Putting strict orders on early marriages

Others specify ……………………………………………………………………..

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME