This chapter presents the background to the study, problem statement, general objectives, specific objectives, research questions, significance of the study, and justification of the study, scope of the study and definition of key words.

1.1 Background of the study

This section discusses the historical, theoretical, conceptual, and contextual background of the study.

1.1.1 Historical background of the study

Globally, one-quarter to one-third of all families are headed by single-mothers. Developed countries, in particular, experience an increase in single-parent families as divorce becomes more common. (Ponzetti, 2003). UK has over one million single- parent families; this gives one family in seven to be a single-parent family. The number of single-parent families is still increasing in recent years. Most single-parent families come into being as a consequence of marital breakdown, separation or divorce, but the increasing proportions are the result of births out of wedlock. (Smith, 2008).

According to the United States Census, the figure of children who are dependent and live with only one-parent rose from 9% in 1960 to 27% in 2010, causing considerable concern among policy makers and the public. Researchers have identified the rise in single-parent families as a major factor driving the long-term increase in child poverty in the United States. The effects of growing up in single- parent households have been shown to go beyond economics, increasing the risk of children dropping out of school, disconnecting from the labour force, and becoming teen parents.

Experts in children development have revealed that children who are raised by single-parents are likely to experience trauma and ultimately to develop bad behavior which may affect such children throughout their lives (Tesha, 2019) Single parents have experienced even far greater challenges as they have to be both mother and father to raise their children. In such a situation, a single-parent is in one way or another obliged to play two roles in raising the child and many cases it becomes a problem to the children.

Vassar (2010) explains that the family has to carry out its duties and responsibilities as the principal educator and supervisor of morals and character. In that regard, if the family is headed by a single parent it is often very difficult for the single parent to provide the required children nurturing as per expected moral standards of the particular society .This is due to reasons beyond his or her biological make-up. In most African culture there is a well-marked social distance between male and female. That means male children would feel more comfortable to be guided by fathers while girls would cling to their mothers. Therefore, in father-headed families, girls will be unable to open up their hearts to their fathers and their fathers would be in difficult to position to nurture, counsel or guide their daughters into the best societal accepted characters, likewise mothers to their sons.

In 2014, the World Health Organization’s Global Status indicated that Ugandans are one of the leading drug abusers in world. This was indicated by the fact that Uganda is one of the countries with highest alcohol consumption per capita in the world, Ninety percent of Ugandans take alcohol. Like most of the drugs abused alcohol consumption in Uganda has been there for a long while the consumption of drugs to enhance ones’ performance in a specific activity has also been practiced by many communities for a long time. (Alonso-stuyck, 2019) Asserts that since the early times, herbs, leaves and plants have been used to heal and control diseases and most of the drugs if used properly they are a blessing to mankind however if abused they are detrimental to both the individuals health and social status. (Azofeifa, et al., 2016) World Drug Report estimated that 1 in 20 youths at least abused one psychoactive drug in 2014. Of these, over 29 million people worldwide suffer from drug abuse disorders. Several school going youths experience mental health problem, either temporarily or for a long period of time. Some become insane, maladjusted to school situations and eventually drop out of school (Adyemo, Okapala, & Oghale, 2016) . Drug Abuse has become very prevalent among the youths in the current generation.

Self-esteem is described as a personal evaluation that an individual makes of her or himself, their sense of their own worth, value, importance, or capabilities (Myers & Myers, 1992; Rosenberg & Rosenberg, 1978).

Generally, the family is a group of people who have biological, emotional or legal ties to each other. The definition of the family has evolved from a large extended family to smaller units, the nuclear family, smaller single-parent families, Blended families, rainbow families, and families without children. The family was formerly seen as an institution, but today the family is focused on an intimate relationship between two people. (Jallinoja 2010).

According to McLanahan and Booth (2017), Ferrell, (2019), children from mother- only families have poorer academic achievement; these children are likely to have higher absentee rates at school; and to drop out of school, these lead them to poverty. Further; they are more likely to marry early and to have children at tender age, both in and out of marriage; to divorce, if they marry; and to commit delinquent acts such as drug and alcohol usage. On the other hand Wendy and Kathleen, (2003) assert that children from mother-only family are likely to be suspended or expelled from school, are likely to have problems with their teachers in doing their homework or paying attention in class.

Parenting styles may play a significant role in the children’s development, including the development of self Esteem. Authoritative parents provide an environment where children feel safe and secure to explore and this can enable the develop self-esteem amongst themselves. The children are encouraged to be independent and autonomous. Their needs and opinions are heard and they are allowed to engage in negotiation with parents. Parents also set reasonable expectations for their children and are involved in the children’s performance, this parenting style creates a home environment that is conducive to development of self Esteem by posing reasonable challenge, providing support, allowing autonomy, encouraging of new ideas, and recognizing the children’s achievements (Adyemo, Okapala, & Oghale, 2016) .. On the other hand, permissive parents may respond well to the children’s needs but do not set much expectations for the children and often let them make their own decisions. The lack of parental expectation and involvement in the children’s behaviours could result in their feeling lack of challenges and motivation and this may also make the child not to know what is right and wrong therefore the child can end up getting involved in drug abuse.

Externally imposed criteria include societal judgments or assumptions, family values, or perceived success and failures in various areas of life. Self-esteem is described as a personal evaluation that an individual makes of her or himself, their sense of their own worth, value, importance, or capabilities (Myers & Myers, 2012), Parenting styles may play a significant role in the children’s development, including the development of high self Esteem. Authoritative parents provide an environment where children feel safe and secure to explore. The children are encouraged to be independent and autonomous. Their needs and opinions are heard and they are allowed to engage in negotiation with parents. Parents also set reasonable expectations for their children and are involved in the children’s performance (Rosenberg & Rosenberg, 2018). On the other hand, permissive parents may respond well to the children’s needs but do not set much expectations for the children and often let them make their own decisions. The lack of parental expectation and involvement in the children’s behaviours could result in their feeling lack of challenges and motivation.

Authoritarian parents are high on demandingness and low on responsiveness. They expect their children to be obedient without questioning the parents’ authority. They use coercive methods to control their children’s behavior. Permissive parents are the opposite of authoritarian parents. They are high on responsiveness but low on demandingness. They tend to satisfy their children’s needs and wants but place no or very little restrictions on the children’s behavior, Authoritative parents are high on both responsiveness and demandingness. They set clear expectations for their children, but they rely on reasoning and negotiation with their children in enforcing those rules. They acknowledge the children’s rights, interests, and uniqueness rather than expecting unquestioned obedience from their children.

The parents who behave with their children based on more acceptance and less control, develop high self-esteem in their children. They are warm, supportive, and involved to their children. Hence, these parents provided to high personal evaluation and sense of self-worth in them. On the other hand, self-esteem is described as a personal evaluation that an individual makes of her or himself, their sense of their own worth, value, importance, or capabilities (Rosenberg & Rosenberg, 1978). Thus, the positive effects acceptance-involvement and psychology autonomy-granting styles on self-esteem are conformed. Darling and Steinberg (1993) conceptualized the parenting styles as a constellation of attitudes toward the child that are communicated to the child, and that, taken together, create an emotional climate in which the parents’ behaviors are expressed.

According to Steinberg, Lamborn, Dornbusch, and Darling (1992) there are three styles of parenting including: “acceptance-involvement, psychological autonomy-granting and behavioral strictness- supervision”. Acceptance-involvement is based on one’s perception of amount of paying attention and responsiveness of parents; these parents are warm, firm, involved, and sensitive to their children’s changing needs, and set realistic standards and clear rules (Jaffe, 1998). Psychological autonomy-granting parenting styles refer to parent’s tolerance against children’s opinions, and they use democratic discipline in parent -child relationship also the parents don’t push their children to compliant the rules. In behavioral strictness-supervision style, parents shape, control and evaluate the behaviours and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set of standards of conduct, usually the absolute standards (Baumrind, 1996), and child is not allowed to express his opinions and there is little opportunity to think about situations or employ reasoning (Knight, et al., 2000).

According to (Phillips, et al., 2018) The harmful use of Drugs results in Three million, three hundred thousand deaths each year, and On average every person in the world aged fifteen years or older has ever abused drugs. Some of the most abused drugs include, alcohol. In Uganda most of the Youths drink on average six litres of alcohol per year, more to that Less than half the population (38.3%) actually drink alcohol, this means that those who do drink consume on average seventeen litres of pure alcohol annually, this level of drug abuse is most high among the Uganda urban youths (Ochen, Chi, & Lawoko, 2019).

Most of the different drugs abused like Alcohol, Khati, and Tobacco continues to pose a serious challenge to health, social and economic well-being of young people in Uganda. Drug abuse among the youths exposes them to criminal activities like robbery, rape and engaging generally in unprotected sexual practices something that exposes them to HIV/AIDS (Henry, et al., 2019).

According to the United States department of Health (2018), Drug abuse costs the United States Government more than 740 billion dollars annually some of these costs include; costs related to crime, lost work productivity and health care. The WHO, 2018 further indicated the Habbit of drug abuse affects both the youth and society as a whole. Cannabis use in Nigeria has been found to be associated with severe psychopathologies (Domalaon, Idowu, Zhanel, & Schweizer, 2018).

According to (Ayodele V. , 2018) in 2017 nearly fifteen per cent of the adult population in Nigeria , around 14.3 million people reported a considerable level of use of psychoactive drug substances it’s a rate much higher than the 2016 global average of 5.6% among adults.

Drug abuse in Nigeria among the youths is at a much higher level and therefore needs government attention because if no much effort is invested in stopping the youths from abusing drugs this will lead to the lost generation (Ayodele, Adeleke, & Gandonu, 2018).

The life style of youths have increasingly become influenced by abusing drugs by youths something which continues to be a major problem worldwide, and in particular, South Africa. Most teenagers begin to experiment with substances at an early age. The most widely taken drug substances are alcohol, tobacco and cannabis because they are in excess (Azofeifa, et al., 2016).

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014), abusing drugs is worsened by complex socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, poverty and crime in general. These social ills are devastating many families and communities. Substances from all over the world currently flood South Africa. Drug pushers are forcing young people into taking substances so that once they are hooked; they can manipulate their friends into taking substances (Guttmannova, et al., 2019). Too many youths seem to think of experimentation with substances as an acceptable part of transition into adulthood. Few take seriously the negative consequences of dependence on substances (Pearl, 2009).

Drug abuse in East Africa is high and the most abused drug is alcohol, (Murray, Loeber, & Pardini, 2012)Indicates that on average Ugandans consume consume 23.7 litres per person per year. Rwanda and Burundi follow, each registering 22.0 litres per capita per year. Kenyans follow with 18.9 litres of alcohol consumed per capita, while Tanzanians consume only 18.4 litres per capita. American drinkers, in comparison, drink 13.3 litres per capita. As a consequence, 10 per cent of males and 1.5 per cent of females in Uganda have an alcohol-related disorder this high drug abuse in alcohol is expected to increase due to the rising youth population. Other drugs abused in Uganda and east in Africa include; Marijuana, Bhangi and cocaine among others. In 2017 Tanzania, was in the 5th position among the top 20 using Marijuana (one of the drugs highly abused), with 3.6 million consumers, followed by Kenya in the 6th position with 3.3 million and then Uganda in the 8th position, with 2.6 million consumers (Rusby, Westling, Crowley, & Light, 2018).

Statistics from Kiswa Primary Health Centre in Kampala indicate that 10% out of 17% of adult male patients aged between 35 to 44 years screened for alcohol-related problems had a higher possibility of being diagnosed with alcohol dependence (Guttmannova, et al., 2019).

Other studies also found a high rate of alcohol dependence among men and among older populations, In northern Uganda, among the internally displaced people due to war, alcohol dependence is known to be twice as prevalent among adult males (10%) as among women 5%; (Moffit, et al., 2011).

A study in Kampala found that 22 percent of youths used and abused drugs; alcohol, marijuana, and Khat (mairungi) being the most abused in that order. The report further found that no school was free of drug abuse, Youthful exorbitant tends to disturb tertiary institution students to the extent of taking drugs to be hyperactive in all their activities. Uganda not only lacks a clear national substance abuse policy but has weak and poorly enforced laws, thereby providing a fertile ground for an increase in the availability and accessibility of alcohol and other substance abuse (Bukuluki, Kamya, Kasirye, & Nabulya, 2020).

Out of 2902 students aged between 12 to 24 years from Gulu and Kampala schools who were asked whether they had ever used alcohol and illicit drugs, 70 per cent of them said that they had ever used alcohol and illicit drugs and 39.1 per cent said that they regularly used substances of abuse.

Abuse (Bukuluki, Kamya, Kasirye, & Nabulya, 2020) further indicates that In some schools around Kampala, when questioned, all students in the schools said that they knew about the existence of the illicit drugs and had seen some people using them and some 20 to 30 per cent had themselves used drugs. The most common drugs used were tobacco in form of cigarettes, Shisha and Kuber, Marijuana (Weed), Mairungi (Khat), Some children from affluent families get access to cocaine and heroin.

(Ochen, Chi, & Lawoko, 2019) indicated that Substance Abuse was the leading cause of students’ drop-out of school. Eighty per cent of all clients at the National Care Centre (NCC) clients in Wakiso district are school drop-outs between 18-23 years of age. NCC is one of the few private drug rehabilitation centers in Uganda. In the same year, Nabatanzi, (2019) said that 45 per cent of school children in the country take Marijuana, Alcohol and Heroine and the number of victims was increasing. In a study carried out in Wakiso schools, 71% of students were use drugs, with alcohol and cannabis taking the highest percentages and most of these were between ages 14-17. The study further noted that, drug and substance abuse were rendering the affected populations less economically productive. Absenteeism from school and work, crime and violence were among the commonly found negative consequences of drug abuse.

In East Africa, Uganda has the largest number of single-parent families living in poverty with no state welfare. The causes of this are deaths through HIV/AIDS, malaria and abandonment (Uganda Reflex, 2011). On the other hand, Tanzania is one among the countries facing a growing rate of single-parenthood and the negative effects of single-parented life. For example, the number of secondary school students who are living in a single parent households have risen from 149,239 in 2009, (BEST, 2009) to 177,465 in 2012 (BEST, 2012)

A single mother is a female who lives with a child or children and who does not have a spouse or partner (Lu, Walker, Richard, & Younis, 2020). Reasons for becoming a single mother include divorce, break-up, abandonment, domestic violence, rape, death of the other parent, childbirth by a single person or single-person adoption. Single mother is not new to the world (Li, 2020) as Historical estimates indicate that in French, English, or Spanish villages in the 17th and 18th centuries at least one-third of children lost one of their parents and mostly their fathers because most men worked in industries which had poor safety measures which led to early death, in another example in 19th-century Milan about half of all children stayed with single mothers by age 20; in 19th-century china, almost one-third of boys stayed with a single mother (Simpson, Bambra, & Brown, 2021).

According to Maldonado, & Nieuwenhuis, (2015) in OECD countries currently single mother hoods was highest in Australia (10%), Canada (10%), Mexico (10%), United States (10%), Lithuania (10%), Costa Rica (11%), Latvia (11%) and New Zealand (11%), while it was lowest in Japan (3%), Greece (4%), Switzerland (4%), Bulgaria (5), Croatia (5%), Germany (5%), Italy (5%) and Cyprus (5%). The proportion was 9% in both Ireland and the United Kingdom and more to that Data from Japan’s Welfare Ministry shows that in 2016, there were 1.4 million single mother households in the country and in 2020 1.2 million households were led by single mothers (Yamaoka et al., 2018), Their annual income was two million yen, or about 18,600 dollars half the figure earned by single fathers (Kim, Choi, & Kim, 2018).

Sub-Saharan Africa at 32% has the highest percentage of single mothers worldwide, the total likelihood of ever being a single mother by the age of 45 is quite substantial across different countries and regions for example 30.0% in Ethiopia, 59.5% in Kenya, 61.0% in Malawi, 51.7% in Tanzania, and 68.8% in Zimbabwe, while in Uganda 56% of children live with both biological parents, 20% live with only their mother, 5% live with only their father, and 19% live with neither biological parent (Kim, Choi, & Kim, 2018)..

Single mothers are likely to have mental health issues, financial hardships, live in a low income area, and receive low levels of social support. All of these factors are taken into consideration when evaluating the mental health of single mothers. The occurrence of moderate to severe mental disability was more pronounced among single mothers at 28.7% compared to partnered mothers at 15.7%.These mental disabilities include but are not limited to anxiety and depression. Financial hardships also affect the mental health of single mothers (Kato et al., 2021).

1.1.2 Theoretical Background

The study will adopt the Bronfrenbrenner is (1979) model of the ecology of human development to the parent-child association. This theory will be used since it has the explanations of human development. The parenting styles, life styles in many cases has a strong influence on the children’s character. The abuse of drugs by the students in many cases is influenced by their upbringing and since the parents play a major part in the upbringing of the children it is therefore

(Broneffenner, 1979) model of the ecology of human development to the parent-child association where the child is at the Centre of the system and is surrounded by the microsystem, which includes parenting factors as well as neighborhood factors.

The ecological paradigm began with the Lewin model (Lewinís Behaviour = f (Person, Environment) where humans were active and shaped the environments in which they live. In the context of youth psychological development, there are individual factors such as the child’s own propensity to consume substances, as well as the microsystem and the mesosystem, which influence the child’s behavior. Thus the youth growing up in the household has behavior which consists of the core components of personality and peripheral components that are constantly adapting to the environment. Maccoby (1990) distinguished parents along the dimensions of permissiveness and warmth. Maccoby (1980) explored the aspects of parental control stressing the classifications such as consistent enforcement of demands and rules, high expectations and training, restrictive parenting, arbitrary power assertion or authoritarian parenting, open communication patterns and parental warmth and affection.

The model of ecology of human development further states that the development of the child is impacted by the following;

Microsystem, which refers to the institutions and groups that most immediately and directly impact the child’s development. This Includes; a child’s life styles which is directly affected by the family, school, religious institutions, neighborhood, and peers (Ochen, Chi, & Lawoko, 2019).
Mesosystem:Consists of interconnections between the microsystems, for example between the family and teachers or between the child’s peers and the family (Padila-Waker, 2012).
Exosystem: Involves links between social settings that do not involve the child. Focr example, a child’s experience at home may be influenced by their parent’s experiences at work. A parent might receive a promotion that requires more travel, which in turn increases conflict with the other parent resulting in changes in their patterns of interaction with the child (Sanders, et al., 2014).
Macrosystem: Describes the overarching culture that influences the developing child, as well as the microsystems and mesosystems embedded in those cultures. Cultural contexts can differ based on geographic location, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. Members of a cultural group often share a common identity, heritage, and values. Macrosystems evolve across time and from generation to generation (Topping, & Wolfendale, 2017).
Chronosystem:Consists of the pattern of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as changing socio-historical circumstances. For example, researchers have found that the negative effects of divorce on children often peak in the first year after the divorce (Pinquart & Kauser, 2018).

Single Parenting Styles

There are different ways of parenting and these include; Authoritative parenting; Described by Baumrind as the just right style, it combines a medium level demands on the child and a medium level responsiveness from the parents.

Authoritative parenting Styles; parents rely on positive reinforcement and infrequent use of punishment. Parents are more aware of a child’s feelings and capabilities and support the development of a child’s autonomy within reasonable limits. There is a give-and-take atmosphere involved in parent-child communication and both control and support are balanced (Padila-Waker, 2012).

Authoritarian parenting styles; Authoritarian parents are very rigid and strict. High demands are placed on the child, but there is little responsiveness to them. Parents who practice authoritarian-style parenting have a non-negotiable set of rules and expectations that are strictly enforced and require rigid obedience. When the rules are not followed, punishment is often used to promote and insure future obedience. There is usually no explanation of punishment except that the child is in trouble for breaking a rule. This parenting style is strongly associated with corporal punishment, such as spanking and because I said so is a typical response to a child’s question of authority (Garcia-Penalco, 2018).
Permissive parenting Styles; Permissive, or indulgent, parenting is more popular in middle-class than in working-class families In these settings, a child’s freedom and autonomy are highly valued, and parents tend to rely mostly on reasoning and explanation. Parents are undemanding, so there tends to be little if any punishment or explicit rules in this style of parenting. These parents say that their children are free from external constraints and tend to be highly responsive to whatever the child wants at the time. Children of permissive parents are generally happy but sometimes show low levels of self-control and self-reliance because they lack structure at home (Pinquart & Kauser, 2018).
Uninvolved parenting Styles; An uninvolved or neglectful parenting style is when parents are often emotionally or physically absent. They have little to no expectation of the child and regularly have no communication. They are not responsive to a child’s needs and have little to no behavioral expectations. If present, they may provide what the child needs for survival with little to no engagement. There is often a large gap between parents and children with this parenting style. Children with little or no communication with their own parents tended to be victimized by other children and may themselves be exhibit deviant behavior. Children of uninvolved parents suffer in social competence, academic performance, psychosocial development and problem behavior (Rodriquez, Rivera, & Nieves, 2013).

Among the various dyads, the parent-child relationship has received the most attention in the study of alcohol-specific family influences. These dyads are divided along the lines of father-daughter, father-son, mother-son, and mother-daughter relationships. With regard to parenting effects on alcohol use, strong associations were found between the child’s conduct disorder/adolescent delinquency/adult antisocial behaviours and adult alcoholism (Patterson, Debaryshe, & Ramsey, 2017)

(Pearl, 2009) Noted that almost 20% of alcoholics studied meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder, which is characterized by a disregard for and violation of the rights of others. The associations between antisocial personality disorder and alcoholism indicate that a parent-child interaction that promotes aggressive, antisocial behavior plays a role in the alcoholism of both children of alcoholics and of nonalcoholic.

The family has been recognized as the primary support system and socializing institution for children; the better the family operates, the more likely it is that a child will develop well. Fundamental to positive family dynamics are the relationships that parents develop with their children. Parental support is significantly related to child and youth development and also to other behaviours which are less deviant (Mcmahon, 2016).

The study of the relationship among youths reckless behaviours, of drug abuse and parenting styles is not new to psychology or economics. However, a full understanding of youth behavour requires consideration of the rapidly changing individual in a developmental context (Murray, Loeber, & Pardini, 2012).

(Oshodi, Ikeji, Ihenyen, & Obianwu, 2009) is the next study in this line of literature which focuses on the dimensions of acceptance/involvement, strictness/supervision, psychology autonomy granting, parental involvement in schooling, parental encouragement to succeed, school performance and school engagement. There are studies by (Cipriani, et al., 2018) which analyzed parental behaviour through dimensions such as parental warmth, acceptance, involvement, parental control or strictness. (Verjans-Jansen, Van khan, Kremers, & Gerards, 2018) discus similar dimensions of parenting practices. The importance of the family in connection to the child’s social and cognitive development has been highlighted in child development and family studies literature.

1.1.3 Conceptual Background

Self-esteem is the confidence in our ability to think; confidence in our ability to cope with basic challenges of life; confidence in our right to be successful and happy; feelings of being worthy, deserving, entitled to assert our needs and wants, achieve our values, and enjoy the benefits of our efforts (Hooks, 2003).

Self-esteem encompasses all these characteristics. But it is most importantly a personal judgment of self and sense of worth primarily based upon externally imposed criteria (Alford, 1997).

Rosenberg (1965) described self-esteem as a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self. Self-esteem refers to an individual’s sense of his or her value or worth (Huit, 2004), or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1993). Self-esteem is generally defined as “a personal judgment of worthiness that is expressed in the attitudes the individual holds toward himself” (Coopersmith, 1967).

A drug is defined as any chemical which, when inhaled or taken in the body through injection or by mouth, may adversely affect one’s ability to think and make valid judgments, and adversely affect one’s social behavior.

Drug abuse is defined as any substance other than food that is purposely introduced into the body to alter normal functions. Such substances include cocaine in all its forms, opium in all its forms, bhang and marijuana.

Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adult hood. Governments and society may also have a role in child-rearing. In many cases, orphaned or abandoned children receive parental care from non-parent or non-blood relations. Others may be adopted, raised in foster care, or placed in an orphanage. Parenting skills vary, and a parent or surrogate with good parenting skills may be referred to as a good parent (Wong, Ho, Wong, & Chow, 2018).

According to (Maugi, 2019) Taking drugs by secondary school students is sometimes influenced

Lack of knowledge about substances and consequences of their use are among main factors increasing individuals’ vulnerability. Among other most powerful vulnerability factors are the following: genetic predisposition, personality traits, the presence of mental and behavioural disorders, family neglect and abuse, poor attachment to school and the community, social norms and environments conducive to substance use (including the influence of media), and, growing up in marginalized and deprived communities.

1.1.4 Contextual Background

Substance abuse has been one of the major problems and challenges faced by the students of the tertiary institution. A study by (Abbo , Amos, Benard, & Richard , 2019) stated that in Kampala 22 percent of youths abused drugs; alcohol, marijuana, and khat (mairungi) being the most abused in that order. According to (Mulumba, Kiggundu, Nassibwa, & Nakibuuka, 2017) report, no school was free of drug abuse. Youthful exorbitant tends to disturb tertiary institution students to the extent of abusing drugs to be hyperactive in all their activities. Uganda not only lacks a clear national substance abuse policy but has weak and poorly enforced laws, thereby providing a fertile ground for an increase in the availability and accessibility of alcohol and other substance abuse (Mulumba, Kiggundu, Nassibwa, & Nakibuuka, 2017) and on the same note (Abbo , Amos, Benard, & Richard , 2019) further indicates that In some schools around Kampala, when questioned, all students in the schools said that they knew about the existence of the illicit drugs and had seen some people using them and some 20 to 30 per cent had themselves used drugs. The most common drugs used are tobacco in form of cigarettes, Shisha and Kuber, Marijuana (Weed), Mairungi (Khat), and some children from affluent families get access to cocaine and heroin.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The World Health Organization’s global status report on Alcohol, 2014 stated that Uganda had one of the highest alcohols and substance abuse rates in the World. Further, that over half of Uganda’s population aged below 24 years, school going youths and young people are part of these statistics. According to (Abbo , Amos, Benard, & Richard , 2019) drug and substance abuse in schools of Kampala and Wakiso stand between 60 to 71% of students used illicit drugs with alcohol and cannabis taking the biggest percentages. Further to that UBOS, (2017) indicated that Most of the Uganda urban areas are also facing a challenge in the rising number of Ugandan youths abusing drugs. This has worsened criminal activities like theft and prostitution. More to that dropping out of school has also increase since youths abusing drugs cannot stay in school. It is against this background that this study intends to investigate into single parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth in Kira Municipality by specifically answering the questions of what are the most prevalent parenting styles and which parenting styles is most linked to drug abuse in wakiso District a case Study of Namugogo Division.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of single parenting styles, life styles on drug abuse among the youth raised by single mothers in Kira municipality, Wakiso district a case study of Namugogo division

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The following specific objectives will guide the study; namely to:

To examine the influence of Authoritative Single parenting, self-esteem on drug abuse among the youth.
To examine the relationship between permissive Single parenting, Self Esteem and Drug Abuse.
To assess the influence of uninvolved Single parenting, self-esteem on drug Abuse.

1.5 Research questions

Research questions that will be useful in achieving the study objectives are;

What is the influence of Authoritative Single parenting, self-esteem on drug Abuse among the youth?
What is the relationship between Single permissive parenting, self-esteem and Drug usage?
What is the influence of uninvolved Single parenting, self-esteem on drug usage?

1.6.0 Scope of the Study

The study scope will cover three aspects, namely Geographical Scope, Content scope and Period scope as described hereafter.

1.6.1 Geographical Scope

The study will be conducted in , Kira town council was elevated to Municipality in mid-2016. Kira Municipality is bordered by Gayaza to the north, Mukono to the east, Lake Victoria to the south, Kampala to the west, and Kasangati to the north-west. Kira municipality is approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) north-east of Kampala district, Uganda’s capital and largest city. The coordinates of the town are 0°23’50.0″N, 32°38’26.0″E (Latitude:0.397237; Longitude:32.640557). The town is approximately 98 square kilometres (24,000 acres) in size

1.6.2 Content scope

This study set to examine the influence of parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth in Kira municipality, Wakiso district a case study of Namugogo division and it will specifically establish influence of Authoritative parenting on drug abuse among the youth, the relationship between permissive parenting and Drug abuse and the influence of uninvolved parenting on drug abuse.

Namugongo has been chosen because it is specifically consisting of the middle class parents who are believed to be in position to provide for their children and bring up the children well however to a large extend they donot achieve therefore it imperative for this study to choose Namugongo.

1.6.3 Time scope

The study will be conducted within 7 months and this will be from January 2020 to August 2020

1.7 Significance of the study

The study findings will help development organizations and Government of Uganda that invest in youths empowerment to understand whether their initiatives have improved the welfare of the youth.

Further, the study findings will add to the existing body of knowledge on the influence of parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth in Kira municipality.

Lastly, the findings will contribute to the wealth of knowledge of academic research or stimulate more research in the field of the influence of parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth in Kira municipality, Wakiso district.

The study will provide ways and means of how parents can improve the parenting programs that will enhance counselling procedures in the youth.

The youth will have access to information that can help them reduce and eradicate the habit of drug abuse through counsellors.

The counselling ministry on the other hand will be equipped to hand the information required to rehabilitate drug users.

1.9.1 Conceptual Framework

This study will therefore use this theory because the life styles of the child is normally affected by different factors with in the environment which the child stays this will in turn affect the way the child behaves therefore affecting their decision to take drugs or not. The theory also further explains that the life style that the child chooses is normally affected by the environment in which they stay this in turn affects the child’s character and the decisions of the type of life choices that they choose (Bouchard, & Smith, 2017).

The conceptual framework (Figure 1 below), presupposes that there exists a relationship between the influence of parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth in Kira municipality, Wakiso district a case study of Namugogo division.

Figure 1: Influence of parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth in Kira municipality, Wakiso district a case study of Namugogo division.

Conceptual frame work

Independent variables Intervening variables Dependent Variables

SINGLE PARENTING STYLES

· Authoritative

· Permissive

· Uninvolved

· Authoritarian

DRUG Abuse

· ALCOHOL

· SMOKING CIGARETTE

· MARIJUANA

· COCAIN

· HEROIN

Self Esteem

· Self confidence

· Assertiveness

· Self-awareness

Developed by the researcher, adopted from Bronfrenbrennerís (1979)

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the review of the literature put forward by different scholars and personalities on parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth as well as critically analyzing the deviations in the explanations to find out the existing research gap in the study variables. This section follows the reviewing of objectives. Sources like published articles, magazines, dissertations, e-books and journals related to the topic under study have been used.

Single parent hood

The causes of single parent families are premarital sex, generation gap, divorce, separation, choice, and death. Each cause is discussed by the researcher as follow; Premarital sex being among the causes of single parent families is common among young people, and to them a young who does not engage in premarital sex is regarded as outdated and not civilized, this stimulate young boys and girls to involve themselves in premarital sex. Studies say that in Tanzania almost 30% of young unmarried women (age 15-24) and 43% of young unmarried men (age 15-24) have premarital sex (Lwelamira et al, 2012; Mabuga, 2008) Premarital activities were very rare in the past but nowadays many adolescence start sexual activities very early. In the past sex was considered to be things for adults only, today things have changed completely. Despite early sexual activities being a source of early pregnancies, and venereal diseases, norms regarding premarital sex have broken in recent years. The increased numbers of children who are reared out of wedlock are among others a source of single parent children. According to Kalokola (2010) societal increase in acceptance of premarital sex has led to an increase in premarital sexual activity hence the increase of single parent children

2.1 Influence of Authoritative Single parenting , self-esteem on drug abuse among the youth

Research in Canada by (Topping, & Wolfendale, 2017) showed that youth can develop long term substance abuse habits early in life and that most youth first start experimenting with drugs between the ages of 15 and 18. According to a survey study of youth substance abuse, kids know that the drugs will have adverse effects on their lives, but try them anyway because they provide relief from environmental factors, such as stress (Wang & Sheikh-Khali, 2014).

There are three substances that are very popular in Britain with youth: alcohol, marijuana, and ecstasy. One of the most common substances that youth use is alcohol. Alcohol abuse by youth is a persistent problem, even though teens are aware that it is both illegal and potentially dangerous for them to be abusing alcohol (Bonk, Gijselars, Ritzen, & Brand-Gruwel, 2018).

According to (Park & Holloway, 2018) one-third of teens have engaged in binge drinking more than 5 drinks in a short amount of time) by the time they are in 9th grade and rates have been increasing in the past several years.

Along with alcohol, marijuana is shown to be one of the most well-known and taken drugs in the United States across every age bracket, and the most used illicit drug among youth (Sanders, et al., 2014).

Marijuana abuse as a youth has been linked to the development of major depressive disorder and other psychological disorders later in life (Bukuluki, Kamya, Kasirye, & Nabulya, 2020). It is also associated with impaired memory and increased impulsivity during youth (Park & Holloway, 2018)

Family environments constitute the basic ecology where children’s behavior is manifested, learned, encouraged, and suppressed. Parents’ roles in the family environment have primarily been to prepare children for adulthood through rules and discipline (Liddle, 2010).

During youthful period, however, the influence of peers also serves as an important socialization agent. Despite this new sphere of influence, research has clearly demonstrated that parenting accounts for more variance in externalizing behaviors in youth than any other one factor (Topping, & Wolfendale, 2017)

(Park & Holloway, 2018) found out that one factor that contributes to youth substance abuse is parenting styles and how youths respond to different types of parenting. Forms of parenting styles and the application of specific parenting behaviors are important in the upbringing of children and youths. If parenting styles are not enforced properly then parents do not develop a healthy form of attachment with their child, which can result in long term consequences. He further states that parenting styles that include low parental involvement, inconsistent discipline, and poor monitoring of youths can lead to teens having mood disorders and depression.

Parental closeness can also play an important role. There is a significant link between a child’s delinquency and how close they are to the parent (i.e. parental involvement and positive parenting) and that a child’s level of attachment to a parent is a good indicator of whether or not the child will engage in delinquent acts (i.e. substance abuse) (Rusby, Westling, Crowley, & Light, 2018). According to (Fosco, Stormshak, Dishion, & Winter, 2012) the father to youth relationship is a significant predictor of delinquency, and increasing closeness between a youth and his/her father is associated with a decrease in delinquency and bad behaviors over time. Also, the teens in the same study who did not trust their parents and felt as if they could not go to them for advice had a higher rate of substance abuse and this findings therefore indicated that it was better for a close relationship between the youth and the parents as this reduces the chances of getting involved in drug abuse.

Not only is parental closeness and monitoring a factor in the behaviors of adolescents, but inconsistent discipline has shown to play an important role as well. (Mcmahon, 2016) indicate that a mother’s inconsistent discipline like letting off punishment early and not punishing for an action one time, but then punishing another time lead to the kids having an increase in externalizing behaviors. In their study it was also found that a lack of parental monitoring was linked to an escalation in the child’s externalizing behaviors.

A plethora of studies (Phillips, et al., 2018) exist building on the work of Baumrind (1967). In general, authoritative parenting style emphasizes both responsiveness and demandingness which appears superior in reducing youth involvement

Authoritative parents are high in responsiveness and demandingness and exhibit more supportive than harsh behaviors. Authoritative parents encourage verbal give and take, convey the reasoning behind rules, and use reason, power, and shaping to reinforce objectives. This parenting style is most often associated with positive adolescent outcomes and has been found to be the most effective and beneficial style of parenting among most families. It is well established that authoritative parenting fosters adolescents’ positive well-being. Adolescents with authoritative parents are less prone to externalizing behaviors, and specifically are less likely to engage in drug use than individuals with uninvolved parents (Wong, Ho, Wong, & Chow, 2018).

Positive effects of authoritative parenting are amplified when both parents engage in an authoritative parenting style. The authoritative parenting style is associated with the lowest levels of depression and the highest levels of school commitment among adolescents. This study also indicated that having at least one authoritative parent fosters better outcomes than family parenting styles that do not include an authoritative parent. In another study, adolescents whose parents are both authoritative or whose mother alone is authoritative report higher well-being, such as higher self-esteem and life-satisfaction, than participants with no authoritative parent. Similarly, researchers controlled for several mother-related variables and found that having an authoritative father was associated with positive outcomes among youths (Kooraneh, & Amirsardari, 2015).

During adolescence, parents’ knowledge of their children’s whereabouts and friends becomes important for reducing and preventing problem behaviors since peers become an important socializing agent. Parental monitoring efforts differ from childhood to adolescence since parents often rely on their offspring to inform them about their location and activities when away from home; therefore, effective parental monitoring relies upon effective parent-child communication. The association between parental monitoring and youth outcomes is attributed to a youth’s disclosure of information rather than parents’ tracking and surveillance. Interestingly some scholars suggest that parental solicitation is not associated with youth’s outcomes (Sanders, et al., 2014).

Parental knowledge of youth’s activities is an aspect of monitoring that is most closely associated with lower levels of problem behavior. However, findings indicate that the quality of the relationship between parents and their children plays a substantial role in determining how much information parents can gather about their children’s whereabouts (Mcmahon, 2016).

Consistent discipline has been associated with positive outcomes among the youths this also buffers adolescents against the effects of a variety of stressful and negative events. For instance, some scholars suggest that consistent discipline buffered the effects of peer group affiliation on girls’ alcohol abuse, but not among boys. These authors suggest that youths who experience high levels of consistent discipline are more resilient to peer influence because the imposition of parental norms and values discourages youths from subscribing to the values of their drug-abuse promoting peers (Pearl et al., 2009).

Youth’s aggressive and noncompliant behavior is reinforced when parents engage in an inconsistent discipline practice when the parent makes a request, the youth responds negatively, and the parent backs down. Studies indicates that there are associations between higher levels of inconsistent discipline and more behavior problems some of these instances like inconsistent discipline, relative to more consistent discipline, has been associated with problematic psychological adjustment of youth, such as depression and anxiety and externalizing behaviors, such as delinquent acts (Patterson, Debaryshe, & Ramsey, 2017).

2.2 Relationship between permissive single parenting, self-esteem and Drug abuse

The neglectful parent is one who engages in minimal parenting behaviors. These parents not only show low emotional support for the child, but also do not put much effort into controlling or setting boundaries for the child (Hoeve et al., 2009). Permissive parenting is characterized by being very lenient with a child and giving them as much freedom as the parent can, but also being emotionally supportive and warm. It also is consistent with inconsistent discipline and poor monitoring of children. The permissive parent tries to be more of a friend or acquaintance to the child rather than an authority figure who guides and monitors their behaviors. These parents want to be accepted by the child and are in no way controlling of the child. Authoritative parenting involves being more directive and setting rules and standards, while also maintaining warmth and emotional closeness. These parents try to see the child as an equal and take into consideration their opinions. This form is consistent with high levels of parental involvement, high levels of positive parenting, high monitoring of children, and low levels of inconsistent discipline. The parent does not overexert his/her power over the child, but is also not too lenient with the child. The parent works with the child to find a common ground. The final form of parenting is authoritarian, which is characterized as having low responsiveness, low positive parenting, and greater use of punishment and strict discipline as means of parenting. There is not much nurturance in this form and it has extremely high parental monitoring and low parental involvement and sees that the child “stays in his/her place” with no form of independence in the child (Baumrind, 2015).

According to Sharma (2015), there is a significant link between youth substance abuse and aspects of parenting styles such as parental monitoring and involvement. A recent study reported that higher levels of parental monitoring and “good general parenting practices” resulted in a lower likelihood of youths using marijuana and other drugs (Verjans-Jansen, Van khan, Kremers, & Gerards, 2018). Permissive parenting and authoritative parenting have been shown to correlate with the level of delinquency an youth exhibits, in that permissive parenting relates to a child having a higher number of incidents with the police and more serious delinquencies, whereas authoritative parenting is associated with little to no serious delinquency incidents (Hoeve et al., 2008).

Permissive parenting is characterized by high levels of responsiveness and low levels of demandingness. Permissive parents behave in an affirmative manner toward the adolescent’s impulses, desires, and actions while consulting with the adolescent about family decisions. Further, permissive parents do not set rules, avoid engaging in behavioral control, and set few behavioral expectations for youths. Interestingly, permissive parents showed steep decreases in monitoring once their children reached youthful age and these children increased their levels of externalizing behavior. youths from permissive families report a higher frequency of substance abuse, school misconduct, and are less engaged and less positively oriented to school compared to individuals from authoritative or authoritarian families (Boonk et al., 2018).

According to Fitzgerald, (2017) Children were not born with positive or negative attitudes, but as they grew, matured and interacted with people and things around their environment, these attitudes grappled in their life. In term of attitudes toward reading, it represented the inclination or decision to respond either positively or negatively toward the act of reading (Rena,et al., 2018). It is a necessity for educators to understand the role of attitude in developing lifelong readers for two principal reasons. First, attitude may contribute to the level of ability through engagement and practice. Second, the poor attitude will lead even to fluent reader to choose not to read while the other available enjoyable activities compete in the same time (Bukuluki, Kamya, Kasirye, & Nabulya, 2020). The researches continue to indicate the importance of parents’ engagement in developing a child’s ability to read as it being a responsibility on the shoulders of the classroom teacher (York et al., 2006). Parents at home are first teachers for the children. However, to ensure that children become successful readers it would be necessary for teachers and parents to work together and to form a partnership (Oshodi, Ikeji, Ihenyen, & Obianwu, 2009). The environment the parents created at home and the parenting they practiced directly impacts the child’s overall cognitive functioning including students’ attitude toward pleasure reading.

2.3 Influence of uninvolved single parenting, self-esteem on drug abuse

(Verjans-Janssen, Kolk, Van kam, Kremers, & Gerards, 2018) affirmed that parents’ involvement brings positive results, when parents are not involved into the child’s daily lives this has the chances of making the child grow with low self-esteem. (Verjans-Janssen, Kolk, Van kam, Kremers, & Gerards, 2018) found out that restrictive substance-specific parental rules were associated with less adolescent recent substance and lifetime use of other illicit drugs and substances. Authoritarian parenting style where parents exert control while lacking warmth and support was found to increase the risk of adolescent drug and substance use behavior (Becona, Martinez, Calafat, Fernadez-Hermida, & Secades, 2012).

Furthermore, (Becona, Martinez, Calafat, Fernadez-Hermida, & Secades, 2012) affirmed the association between authoritarian parenting style and adolescent substance abuse as one in which the level of mutual warmth, support, and control within the parent-adolescent relationship significantly predicted the risk of adolescent substance abuse, Parental monitoring of the child’s whereabouts in early adolescence was longitudinally related to low drug and substance initiation by late adolescence (Andreas, Pape, & Bretteville-Jensen, 2016). Parents, play a vital role in the development of their children as evident in Ecological Systems theory by Bronfenbrenner (1979) and Social Structure and Anomie theory by Merton (1968). Various studies have shown that parents really do have profound and long-lasting effects on their children’s capacity for happiness, and some styles of parenting tend to promote the development of happiness, while others do the opposite. That is, parenting which is the regulation of behaviour and development of children, with the intention that they can live a socially desirable life, adapt to their environment, and pursue their own goals (Andreas, Pape, & Bretteville-Jensen, 2016) requires certain styles of parenting which have the tendency to make the child develop well and be happy or may rather have the opposite effect on him or her.

Permissive parenting is characterized by low expectations of maturity and control, and disciplinary strategies over children, aiming for high levels of warmth. That is, the parents are non-restrictive and exhibit high levels of responsiveness. Unlike authoritarian parents, punishment is very rarely used in permissive homes and children are commonly given greater opportunity to make their own decisions in life (Kim, et al., 2014). Being more responsive than demanding, parents of this style have relatively low expectations for their children, setting very few, if any, rules. They often take a very casual and easy-going approach (Kim, et al., 2014) toward their children, opening up conversations and subsequently developing warmer relationships between them. Again, supervision and bi-directional communication between parents and children are low (Bortoff, et al., 2011) considered the permissive parenting style as a careless style in which parents make few demands, encourage their children to express their feelings, and barely use power to gain control over their behavior, but encourage their children’s independence instead.

The uninvolved style is predominantly characterized by low levels of both warmth and control. This often reflects the parents’ emotional detachment from the children as they are often seen responding only to their children’s needs out of annoyance rather than compassion (Shulman, Hermann, & Walker, 2013) and would otherwise be completely unresponsive. Due to the lack of care and discipline for the child, as the name of the style suggests, parents are usually uninvolved in the child’s life in general. Thus, they do not often volunteer to partake in research studies (Shulman, Hermann, & Walker, 2013) with a massive 43 per cent of parents on average never participating in school activities (Steinberg et al., 1992). Consequently, this has led to a deficiency of knowledge about this style and so less is known about uninvolved parenting than any other style (Tam, Kwok, Lam, & Lee, 2018) the overreliance on show of warmth without necessarily enforcing disciplinary strategies and setting expectations of maturity and control in child’s life leads to various outcomes. In terms of personality traits they develop, they become: noncompliant; highly dependent and aggressive; domineering; disrespectful or disobedient; bullies in life (Ersche, et al., 2012). Psychologically, they are known to suffer from dependency syndrome where they over-rely on others for directions in everything they do; lack of intrinsic motivation to be creative; anxiety as they become overly anxious when they are not around their parents; high skepticism and doubtfulness in everything they do; an external locus of control. Socially, they are seen as: lacking the will to control their social behaviour; socially incompetent; not being able to play their social roles effectively; easily influenced by their peers; lacking the art of proper interaction with other members of society. Also, emotionally they: get confused easily; develop a sense of insecurity; are emotionally immature; are very fearful and reserved; are usually unhappy and easily irritated (Alonso-stuyck, 2019). The quest to finding solutions to increasing levels of taking drugs by the youth, which is of personal interest to the researcher, depends mainly on identifying areas of parenting by parents who play a crucial role in the formative years of the development of children. Parents are stakeholders in the life styles and the nature of parenting and relationship between themselves and their children have the capacity to impact their life styles and the interest either to abuse drugs or not (Fosco, Stormshak, Dishion, & Winter, 2012).

Parental responsiveness (parental warmth or supportiveness) refers to the extent to which parents intentionally foster individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion by being attuned, supportive, and acquiescent to children’s special needs and demands. Parental demandingness, on the other hand also referred to as behavioral control refers to the claims parents make on children to become integrated into the family, by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the child who disobeys (Ennet, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Elewelling, 1994).

2.4 Hypothesis of the study

Given the information from the different scholars as presented in the literature review it is evident that;

H_1: There is a relationship between Authoritative parenting and drug abuse among the youth.

H_2: There is a relationship between permissive parenting and Drug Abuse.

H₃: The uninvolved parenting styles leads drug Abuse among the youths.

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter provides justifications of the methodology that will be used for the study. The research design and analytical path of any research project should have a specific methodological direction based on its research objectives and framework. Provided is therefore a scientific process that will be followed to qualify the generalization of findings on the parenting styles, life styles, drug abuse among the youth in Kira Municipality, Wakiso District A case Study of Namugogo Division. They include the research design, study population area, sample size, sampling techniques and procedure, data collection methods, data collection instruments, validity and reliability, data quality control, data analysis, data measurements, ethical considerations and limitations of the study.

3.1 Research Design

According to Fisher (2007), a research design is defined as a detailed outline of how an investigation takes place. The study will adopt a correlational study design which will provide descriptions of the variables to answer the research questions. This study will use two approaches; the qualitative and quantitative research design. Kothari (2004) notes that quantitative design is based on measurement of quantity hence this will be used in calculating simple percentages and the number of respondents. Bryman et al., (2003) reiterates that quantitative design also allows comparisons between respondents, giving the right perspective on the variables under study. The choice of this technique is also guided by the fact that the study aims at generating findings, which would facilitate a general understanding and interpretation of the problem. The quantitative data will be triangulated with Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews to provide explanatory information to the statistical data.

3.2 Study population and Area

The study will focus on families with children who are in their teens and above. Trochim (2006) defines a study population as the group in which a researcher wants to pick a sample from in order to make generalizations.

Kira town council was elevated to Municipality in mid-2016. The national census in 2002 estimated Kira’s population to be 140,774 people, of whom 67,222 (47.8 percent) were males and 73,548 (52.2 percent) were females. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics estimated the mid-year 2010 population to be 172,300 and the mid-year 2011 population to be 179,800. The town planner, however, estimated the population to be 300,000 in 2010. In August 2014, the national population census put the population at 313,761 (UBOS, 2014).

3.3 Sampling Techniques

According to Mugenda, (2003) sampling techniques refers to various methods that are used to get a sample from a population. This study will employ both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Probability sampling techniques will include simple and stratified random sampling which will be used to select families that have children who are above 12 years. This will ensure that there is representativeness. Besides, it will provide an equal chance to all of being selected. Non-probability sampling techniques will include purposive; namely key informants to ensure people with particular information about the subject under study are selected. Snow ball sampling will be used to reach respondents through referrals and enable the researcher interview respondents who can provide data on the topic under study.

3.4 Determination of the sample size

In this study, the researcher will use a sample of 217 respondents to be representative of the population and this will be determined by using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table of Determining Sample Size. The sample size will be 217 out 500 families members. Sekaran (2003) contends that a sample size item larger than 30 and less than 500 is appropriate for most studies. The sample size will be determined using the formula below and in line with the provided table in Annex VI:

Source: (Krecie & Morgan, 1970).

Table 1: Determination of sample size and sampling technique

Category of Respondents	Population Size	Sample size	Sampling technique
Parents with children above 12 years	400	200	Purposive sampling
Secondary school going children with in 13 to 19 years	100	17	Purposive sampling
Sub total	500	217
Married business men	20	10	Snowball sampling
Local Council II Chairmen	23	5	Purposive sampling
NGO representatives	10	5	Purposive sampling
Total	553	454

Source: (Krecie & Morgan, 1970).

3.5.0 Data sources and collection instrument

Majorly, two types of data sources – primary and secondary will be used for this study

3.5.1 Data sources, Collection Procedure and Instruments

Two types of data namely primary and secondary data will be used to collect data using different methods. Primary data will be collected using questionnaires and direct interviews. The study will adopt a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods to obtain data on the topic under study. Qualitative data will be collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). FGDs guides and KII guides will be used to collect data on feelings, beliefs and attitudes regarding the subject under study.

Quantitative methods will be used to generate quantifiable data, using a questionnaire, which will be the main instrument used because of its convenience and efficiency in data collection. The different tools and data sources will be used to make triangulation feasible (Amin 2005).

The primary data will be collected using questionnaires administered to individual men, women and children above 15 years, FGDs and Key Informant Interviews. Parents with children above 12 years, secondary school going children, married business men, local council leaders and NGO workers.

3.5.2 Secondary data sources

Secondary sources of data that will be reviewed include scholarly books, magazines, dissertations journals and articles. These are useful in collecting data from already written literature for example e-books, journals, published articles and periodicals as part of literature review. Documentary resources will be classified in order to facilitate the data collection and textual analysis ( Lindlof & Taylor, 2017).

3.6 Data Collection Methods and Instruments

The study will adopt a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data will be collected using interview guides for FGDs and KIIs. The use of interview guides to enable data collection on feelings, beliefs and attitudes regarding the subject under study. While quantitative data will be collected using a questionnaire.

3.7.1 Questionnaire

Ahuja (2009) defines a questionnaire as a structured set of questions that are given to people in order to collect facts or opinions about something. The researcher will use closed-ended questions because they are easy and quick to answer, and they are helpful in improving consistence of the responses.

3.7.2 Interviews

According to Ahuja (2009), an interview is a two-person conversation initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research-related information. It focuses on the content specified by the research objectives, description and explanation. An interview guide, which is referred to as a set of questions for which answers, will be used by a researcher to interview respondents. The use of this tool gives the researcher control over the line of questioning hence time saving.

Interviews will be conducted in a quiet place without noise with the key informants like NGO workers and local council leaders. The purpose of the interview explained, including reassuring respondents of confidentiality of the information provided. The format of the interview will be informal conversation where questions are asked, and answers recorded by the interviewer.

3.8 Data collection procedure

The researcher will obtain a recommendation and an introductory letter from Kyambogo university, after which he will seek permission from the different respondents in Namugongo Division for interviews.

3.9 Data Quality Control of the Instrument

3.9.1 Reliability of the questionnaire

According Bruton (2000), reliability is established by testing the instruments for the reliability of values (Cronbatch, 1946) and analysis for Alpha values for each variable under study. Sekaran (2001), notes that Alpha values for each variable under study should not be less than 0.6 for the statements in the instruments to be deemed reliable. To ensure that all variables are subjected to this test, the researcher will use the internal consistency method that provides a unique estimate of reliability for the given test administrations. The most popular internal consistency reliability estimate has been given by Cronbach’s Alpha.

-n = number of questions

-Vi = variance of scores on each question

-Vtest = total variance of overall scores (not %’s) on the entire test

Or: The researcher might use Inter Rater Reliability Index (IRRI)

Using the following formula: IRRI= No. of agreements

Total No. of items

3.9.2 Validity of the questionnaire

Mugenda & Mugenda, (2003) indicates that validity is the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences are based on the researchers out comes. After developing the questionnaire, the researcher will contact the supervisor and three other experts to ensure that the tools to collect the required data is valid. Hence, the researcher will ensure validity of the instruments by using expert judgment method suggested by Gay (1996). Thereafter, research instruments will be refined based on expert advice. The following formula will be used to test the validity index.

CVI=

CVI= Content Validity Index

3.10 Data Collection Procedures

The questionnaire will be structured and pre-tested by the researcher in Makindye Division, Kampala District since it is also an urban setting with similar study characteristics. This will be done after approval by the supervisor. A letter of introduction by the institute will enable the researcher to carry out research. It will be presented to the local council 1 to facilitate the researcher access their members.

3.11 Data Processing and Analysis

This section covers methods of data processing and analysis.

3.11.1 Data Processing

In order to ascertain the accuracy, consistency, uniformity, proper arrangement and completion of the data, the researcher will use the computer for data entry, editing and data coding. The computer will be used because it increases the speed of computation and data processing and handles huge volumes of data, which is not possible manually. It facilitates copying, editing, saving and retrieving the data easier and validation, checking and correction of data.

3.11.2 Data analysis

Data collected will be checked, coded and edited for completeness and accuracy. Data will be analyzed using the statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) version 20.0 for Windows. It will be analyzed using frequency distribution tables, excel spread sheets and Spearman correlation to determine the degree of relationship between variables. Qualitative data will also be used to analyze descriptive statistics using opinions and attitudes of respondents and developing themes.

3.12 Ethical consideration

Ethical considerations will be taken care of by, first seeking authorization from the Kyambogo University and other relevant authorities. Questionnaires will be structured in such a way that there is no mention of the interviewee’s name which ensures strict confidentiality in data.

Further, responses will be optional and respondents will not be given any inducements to participate in the study. Ethical considerations will be taken care of by the researcher by briefing the respondents on the purpose of the research, their relevance in the research process, and expectations from them as explained by Lloyd Bevan (2009).

Informed consent will be ascertained from informants/respondents. They will be promised confidentiality about the information they provide. The researcher will explained to the respondents the purpose of the study as purely academic and that the information obtained will be treated with utmost confidentiality. If anybody other than the University authority is to have access the information, the researcher would first seek the consent of the respondents.

3.12 Limitations of the Study

The study may have the following limitations:

The researcher may face the challenge of getting respondents consent since most of the residents of Namugongo are slightly wealthier than other residents in Uganda.
The respondents may fear to answer questionnaire thinking that they might be spying on them.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a huge challenge, since most of the residents fear to associate with strangers because of the disease.

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QUESTIONNAIRE

QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR PARENTS WITH CHILDREN ABOVE 12 YEARS, MARRIED BUSINESS MEN AND SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Introduction:

Dear Respondent

My name is Kakooza Godfrey Wilson, a master’s student at Kyambogo University. I am carrying out research on the topic “Single Parenting styles, self Esteem life styles and drug abuse among the youth raised by single mothers in Kira Municipality, Wakiso District Acase study of Namugogo Division”. You have been identified as a key and valuable respondent for this study. This is purely an academic study that will contribute to my grade to acquire a master’s degree. Your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will purely be used for the purpose of this study. I request you to spare a few minutes of your valuable time and answer some questions.

SECTION ONE: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

In this section, kindly tick the respondent’s answer.

1. Sex: Female 2. MALE

What age bracket do you belong?

Below 25	26-35	36-45	45 and above

3.Marital status, Number of Children, Level of Education and Religion

Marital	Status	Number of children	Education level	Religion
Married =1		1-3 =1	Primary =1	Anglican=1
Divorced=2		4-5=2	O-level= 2	Roman Catholic= 2
Widowed=3		More than 5=3	A-level =3	Muslim= 3
			Diploma = 4
Never married =4		Still student	First degree = 5	Pentecostal =4
Still student			Masters& above= 6	Others- specify below=5

SECTION TWO: Influence of Authoritative Single parenting , Self Esteem on drug abuse among the youth.

Section B: influence of Authoritative Single parenting, Self Esteem on drug abuse among the youth.

2.1 Please indicate the extent to which Authoritative parenting influence youths on drug abuse

Key: SA = Strongly Agree, A = Agree, U = Uncertain, D = Disagree, SD = Strongly Disagree

2.1 a

Test Items	SA	A	U	D	SD
	5	4	3	2	1
Children can complete their studies when parents are strict
Children of strict parents do not take drugs
When parents are strict children stay away from drugs
Strict parents enhance self-esteem of the children
Children grow up with discipline when parents are strict
Children do not indulge in anti-social behavior when their parents are strict
Children can easily become leaders when their parents are strict
Children from strict parents do not smoke
Children from strict parents do not take alcohol

2.1 b Please indicate the extent to which relationship between permissive single parenting, Self Esteem and Drug Abuse

Key: SA = Strongly Agree, A = Agree, U = Uncertain, D = Disagree, SD = Strongly Disagree

Test Items	SA	A	U	D	SD
	5	4	3	2	1
Children can get involved in taking alcohol early in life
Children can easily drop out of school
Children develop low self esteem
Children become careless when parents are permissive
Permissive parenting can make children become academic failure
Children start taking alcohol early
Children start smoking early in life when parents are permissive
Smoking cocaine is common among children whose parents are permissive

2.1 c influence of uninvolved single parenting, Self Esteem on drug Abuse

Test Items	SA	A	U	D	SD
	5	4	3	2	1
Parents who are not involved in a child’s life affect their self esteem
Children are likely to get involved in drugs
Children can easily drop out of school
Children begin to smoke early when the parents are not involved in their life
children can start taking alcohol early
Children from uninvolved parents become drunkards later in life

INTERVIEW GUIDE

FOR LOCAL COUNCIL II CHAIRMEN AND NGO REPRESENTATIVES

Dear Respondent

My name is Kakooza Godfrey Wilson, a master’s student at Kyambogo University. I am carrying out research on the topic “Parenting styles, life styles and drug abuse among the youth in Kira Municipality, Wakiso District Acase study of Namugogo Division”. You have been identified as a key and valuable respondent for this study. This is purely an academic study that will contribute to my grade to acquire a master’s degree. Your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will purely be used for the purpose of this study. I request you to spare a few minutes of your valuable time and answer some questions.

Influence of Authoritative single parenting, Self Esteem on drug abuse among the youth.

To establish the influence of Authoritative parenting on drug abuse among the youth.

How do children from strict parents behave?

In what ways do strict parents make children get involved into drug related activities.

To what extend is it true that children of strict parents do not take drugs.

Can it be possible that when parents are strict children stay away from drugs?

By what frequency is it true that children from strict parents indulge in anti-social behavior?

How is the self-esteem of the children from strict parents?

To examine the relationship between permissive Single parenting, Self Esteem and Drug Abuse.

There is possibility that when the parents are permissive children can get involved in taking alcohol early in life?

The influence of permissive parents can make children to drop out of school and get involved into alcohol related circumstances.

When parents are permissive the self esteem of children is affected and this drives them into antisocial activities like drinking alcohol and smoking cocaine.

Is there a possibility that when parents are permissive children become less careless with there life and therefore, they have high chances of getting involved into drug related activities?

Since most permissive parents are careless children can easily become academic failures and due to challenges of life they can become drug addicts.

To assess the influence of uninvolved Single parenting, Self Esteem on drug Abuse.

In circumstances when parents are not involved in the child’s life how can this affects a child’s life.

Does parents limited involvement into their life influence their involvement into drug related activities.

Children begin to smoke early when the parents are not involved in their life.

Is there possibility that children from uninvolved parents become drunkards later in life.