THE USE OF TEACHERS’ PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS IN THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN KAYUNGA DISTRICT

(A case of primary schools in Kayunga District)

SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This section includes the introduction, background information, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, scope of the study, significance of the study, operational definition of key terms in the topic, limitations of the study and delimitations.

1.1  Background

This section presented the Background of study in line to Historical, Contextual, conceptual and theoretical Background.

1.1.1 Historical Background

Pedagogy as a practice in education originated from the epistemological question of whether and how information could be transferred from the other to an ignorant person (Enoch, Lindsey & Katherine, 2013). Pedagogy is both a Philosophical and scientific discipline originating from the two Greek words, “pais” meaning ‘a boy” and “agogus” meaning “a leader” literary referring to a leader of children (Rajendra & Sanothimi, 2021). The authors above agree with Watkins and Martimore (2015) to the effect that pedagogy is derived from Greek word literally meaning a man having a responsibility of attending to a child. The meaning of the term has been translated and coined to suit individual perception of a given society and tradition for example Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educationist came out with the term critical pedagogy to mean a transformation based approach to education. Its major concern is that education should go beyond transfer of knowledge and training the future labour force; to help developing critical consciousness, which leads to transformation of the individual, learning environment and society at large (Abraham, 2014). According to Manen, (1994), the etymological roots of pedagogy does not refer to a teacher, but a slave who cared for and accompanied a student to and from school.

According to Castells (2015), schools for the most part still view lesson delivery from a traditional perspective. Outside of school the new generation of learners, frequently referred to as ‘digital natives’, have become tech savvy and as such the schools have not yet evolved in most of the ways that lesson is delivered. In light of these dramatic changes and because of the failure of schools to respond, prominent educational and media researchers are calling for the revision of traditional pen-and-paper curricula to include multiple media for the representation, production, and dissemination of knowledge (Cope & Kalantzis, 2000; Kress, 2003). Teaching the scholar how to teach is not a new concept.  Milton (1972) argued that even though significant research about learning has been published, faculty do not have the time, the familiarity with its specialized language, or the inclination to avail themselves of the literature.

Milton (1972) further, maintained that elementary principles of learning, especially in higher education, have been neglected, abandoned to an abiding faith in traditional methods, or periodically subjugated to innovative hunches, or in other words, they teach the way they were taught.  According to Russell (2012), American educators have noted that in comparison to primary and secondary teachers, most college and School professors received minimal or no training in educational theory and methodology.

Unfortunately, Teachers are regrettably unaware about the choice and use of pedagogical methods which are suitable for an education that relies more and more on higher level cognition and interpersonal abilities. This is because in many countries, in applying for a School teaching position, an applicant needs not to present any evidence of teaching ability, in the same line (Mulkeen, 2010). This indicates that pedagogical competence is not given much priority since teachers’ recruitment is based on academic performance and level. Without high-quality initial training, teachers largely teach the way they were taught. It is difficult for them to adapt and adopt learner-centered pedagogy (Zepeda, 2010).

Intellectual competence and pedagogical competence are two different qualities. One cannot be an outstanding teacher without thorough knowledge of subject matter; but to possess that knowledge does not guarantee the ability to communicate it to a student (Park, 2017).  Therefore, Teachers should be taught teaching methodology, classroom room control, marking etiquette, supervision and communication skills (Khisa & Lanyero, 2009).

Traditionally, the expertise in one’s own discipline has been the most respected feature of a primary school teacher. In recent years, however, there have been discussions about the need to improve primary school teachers’ pedagogical thinking and skills as well. As a consequence, training of primary school teachers has recently become a widespread trend in many countries. The lack of research in this field is noticeable, leading to a lack of adequate evidence of the impact of training on teaching. As Gilbert and Gibbs have highlighted, there is a need to establish the effectiveness of primary school education teachers’ training in improving primary school teaching. Evidence of impact is needed to guide educational development units to design their courses since earlier research in this field is rather descriptive than evaluative (Gilbert & Gibbs, 1999). An exception to this is a quantitative study conducted by Gibbs and Coffey (2004), in which they examined the impact of training of primary school teachers on approaches to teaching, teaching skills and approaches to learning of their learners.

1.1.2 Conceptual Perspective

Pedagogical training refers to a process of facilitating one with knowledge and skills of lesson delivery. Various scholars have interpreted pedagogy in different ways basing on the context and cultural background. The term pedagogy is used in education to mean strategies of instruction (Cuenca, 2010). Pedagogical skills is a very critical part of the teaching profession at all level. Rajendra and anothimi (2021) explained that pedagogy is closely linked to the tradition of Greek Philosophy and more particularly with the Socratic method of inquiry. Pedagogy in educational language has been used as a substitute for methods of instruction or techniques of teaching (Loughran, 2006). Child Australia (2017) defined pedagogy as what the teacher does to influence learning in another person.

Pedagogy is a scientific discipline with its own philosophical and scientific orientations borne between the 18^th and 20^th centuries. Because of its double stance, namely the theoretical and practical components, the discipline has continued to spark-off various interpretations and controversies (Ayeni, 2011). For instance, it has been defined in different ways, including the study of being a teacher or the process of teaching, strategies of instruction or style of instruction. Other scholars have used pedagogy in relation to the art and science of teaching children, or the theory and practice of education (Lakkeal, 2011). Pedagogy can also refer to the relationship between the teacher and the student. Therefore, pedagogical content knowledge is the specialized didactic knowledge of the teacher, which illuminates the connection between subject matter and classroom knowhow (Jacob & Lefgren, 2014). Pedagogical content knowledge brings together these two critical elements of teaching content and pedagogy to describe the understanding and skills teachers and teacher educators need to transform the conceptual, factual, with appropriate examples, metaphors, and applications for a particular group of learners.

Pedagogical skills refer to the teacher’s knowledge of teaching. It includes the teacher’s subject matter knowledge, the repertoire of techniques and activities that the teacher employs in
teaching together with the theories, beliefs, principles, values and ideas (Shulman, 1987). Pedagogical knowledge and ability draws on content knowledge as well as other
sources of knowledge but in the process transforms it, since it is understood in relation to
knowledge of the learners, the curriculum, the teaching context and to teaching methods. Therefore, in this research pedagogical skills will be employed to mean teaching skills that the teachers use during lesson delivery. Teaching skills in this study include but not limited to; communication skills, listening skills, collaboration skills, adaptability skills, empathy and patience and other key characteristics of effective teaching include an engaging classroom presence, value in real-world learning, exchange of best practices and a lifelong love of learning (Darwis, Pasaribu, & Riskiono, 2020).

Lesson delivery is the process of conveying the educational content by facilitating learners to engage in different activities by the instructor. According to Ellano (2019), delivery techniques are very critical for a successful learning and should be taken seriously by the teacher. He added that the teacher should first approve that the learning environment is conducive before starting to deliver a lesson. Dabbs (2012) observed that lesson delivery is a very critical step in the process of learning and the following questions should be asked prior to the actual delivery in order to decide on appropriate strategy, will the lesson be teacher centered or learners centered, Is the lesson best suited for the group, What  are the learners’ role? In addition, how will the lesson commence? According to MacDonald (2021), the teacher needs to have variety of teaching methods not only to deliver effectively but also to engage, motivate and reach every individual student. According to him, delivery methods to use are determined by many factors such as the subject, learners and the time. Twadell et al., (2019) emphasized that for every student to achieve self-efficacy the teacher needs to discard the idea of one-size fits all approach. Switching from traditional approach to proficiency-based mode of planning and delivery enhances the possibility of better learning outcome. Okon and Chukwurah (2020) observed that effective content delivery in the modern society is technology driven; averagely depend on the level of skills acquired by a teacher especially in the use of technology in teaching and learning. For this research therefore, lesson delivery will be used to mean the different ways the teacher uses to deliver knowledge to the learners which include but not limited to; Discussion: leaners and teachers engage in a conversation, sharing ideas, perspectives, and opinions, Demonstration: A teacher demonstrates a process or skill, showing students how to do something, and explaining each step, Multimedia: A teacher uses videos, images, and other multimedia resources to deliver the lesson content, Group work: Students work in small groups to complete a task, solve a problem, or share ideas, Hands-on learning: Students engage in practical activities that allow them to experience the subject matter directly, such as science experiments or art projects, Independent study: Students work independently on assignments, projects, or reading materials, with guidance and support from the teacher, Field trips: Students visit a location related to the subject matter, such as a museum or a historical site, to gain first-hand experience and insights and Role-play: Students act out scenarios, assuming different roles and perspectives, to develop their communication and problem-solving skills, (Ampofo, Onyango, & Ogola, 2019).

1.1.2 Theoretical background

The study will be underpinned by Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (Bandura 1977). Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, also known as Social Cognitive Theory, proposes that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and the influence of external reinforcement. Here are the key components and principles of Bandura’s theory:

Observational Learning: Bandura emphasized the importance of observational learning, where individuals acquire new behaviors by observing others. This process involves paying attention to the model’s behavior, retaining the observed information in memory, reproducing the behavior, and being motivated to imitate it.

Modeling: Bandura introduced the concept of modeling, which involves observing and imitating the behavior of role models or significant others. Models can be real-life individuals or symbolic representations, such as characters in the media or literature. Through modeling, individuals can learn new behaviors, attitudes, and values.

Vicarious Reinforcement: Bandura argued that individuals can learn not only from direct experiences but also through vicarious reinforcement. Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual observes someone else being rewarded or punished for a behavior, which influences their motivation to imitate or avoid that behavior.

Self-efficacy: Bandura emphasized the role of self-efficacy beliefs in shaping behavior. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task or behavior. Higher self-efficacy leads to greater motivation, effort, and persistence in achieving goals, while low self-efficacy can result in avoidance or reduced effort.

Reciprocal Determinism: Bandura proposed that behavior is influenced by the dynamic interplay between personal factors (e.g., cognitive processes, beliefs, personality), environmental factors (e.g., social norms, reinforcement), and the individual’s behavior itself. This concept of reciprocal determinism suggests that individuals both shape and are shaped by their environment.

Cognitive Processes: Bandura acknowledged the importance of cognitive processes in learning and behavior. Attention, memory, and thinking processes play a crucial role in observing and imitating behavior. Individuals actively interpret and make sense of the information they observe, which can influence their learning and subsequent behavior.

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology, particularly in areas such as education, socialization, and behavior change. It has provided valuable insights into how individuals acquire new behaviors, the role of observational learning, and the influence of social factors on behavior.

However, like any theory, it has certain limitations. Here are some of the key limitations of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory:

Oversimplification of behavior: Bandura’s theory suggests that behavior is primarily learned through observation and imitation. While observational learning is undoubtedly an essential aspect of human behavior, it is not the only factor that influences behavior. Biological, cognitive, and situational factors also play significant roles in shaping behavior (…..).

Neglect of internal cognitive processes: Bandura’s theory focuses primarily on observable behaviors and the role of reinforcement in learning. It pays limited attention to the cognitive processes that occur within an individual, such as attention, memory, and decision-making. Cognitive processes can have a substantial impact on learning and behavior, and their omission is considered a limitation of the theory.

Limited emphasis on biological factors: Bandura’s theory places minimal emphasis on the influence of biological factors on learning and behavior. While the theory acknowledges the role of reinforcement, it does not adequately address how biological factors, such as genetics, neurobiology, and hormones, can interact with environmental factors to shape behavior.

Lack of attention to individual differences: The theory does not sufficiently account for the fact that individuals may vary in their susceptibility to observational learning and the effects of reinforcement. People have unique cognitive abilities, personality traits, and past experiences that can influence their learning and behavior in different ways. Bandura’s theory does not adequately address these individual differences. Limited applicability to complex behaviors: Bandura’s theory has been primarily applied to explain relatively simple behaviors, such as aggression and prosocial behavior. However, it may not fully account for more complex behaviors or those that involve higher-order cognitive processes. The theory’s focus on direct observation and imitation may not adequately explain behaviors that require abstract thinking, problem-solving, or creativity. Lack of consideration for cultural factors: Bandura’s theory does not explicitly address the influence of cultural factors on learning and behavior (……….). Cultural norms, values, and socialization practices can significantly shape how individuals learn and engage in behaviors. The theory’s universalistic perspective does not adequately account for the cultural variability in social learning processes.

It is important to note that while these limitations exist, Bandura’s Social Learning Theory still provides valuable insights into learning and behavior. Researchers (………………………) have expanded and refined the theory over time, integrating other perspectives to address some of these limitations and enhance our understanding of human behavior.

1.1.3 Contextual Background

There has been an increasing number of pupils in Kayunga district schools failing English language subject something that has continued to worry the district education committee, this is due to the fact that the failure rate was seventeen percent in 2018 while in the years of 2019 and 2020 the failure rate of pupils in English language continued to increase from seventeen percent in the previous year to nineteen percent in 2019 and the same percentage in 2020. This has indicated a down ward trend in the percentage in the performance of pupils in English language (Kayunga district report, 2021).

From the analysis it is evident that there is still large number of pupils in Kayunga district primary schools who fail to obtain Division one and Division two academic grades. This shows that there is still a gap in the teaching of English. According to Moscoviz, and Evans (2022), indicates that there is need to improve on the teachers’ pedagogical skills in Kayunga district since most of the pupils in Kayunga face challenges in reading and writing. It’s against this background that this study intends to investigate into teachers’ pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language in selected schools in Kayunga district.

1.3 Problem statement

The success of any teaching process is measured by the extent of knowledge and skills acquired by the learners resulting into better academic performance (Boikhutso, 2016, Nicolalde, et al, 2017).  Globally there has been a debate on what could be the best pedagogical approach to impart knowledge to leaners so as to make learning more easy, interesting and better acquisition of knowledge for learners from teachers. However, the performance of pupils in English language in Kayunga district has been generally poor for over the last 3 years. The PLE results indicates a failure rate of 17% in 2018, 19% in 2019 and 21% in 2020. This poor performance therefore could be attributed to the pedagogical skills of English language teachers in Kayunga district.

According to Tolera and  Ziyn (2017), Teachers have a tendency of teaching without preparing lesson plans, use of relevant teaching and learning resources. Such poor pedagogical practices are likely to result into limited knowledge acquisition leading to poor performance on the side of the learners. Therefore, the poor performance of pupils and the likely poor pedagogical approaches used by teachers have warranted the investigation into Teachers ‘use of pedagogical skills to the teaching of English in primary schools in Kayunga district.

1.4 Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study was to examine the pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district.

1.5 Objectives of the study

This study was guided by the following objectives:

1. To find out the pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language.
2. To investigate how teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district

• To establish the extent to which teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district.

1.6 Research questions

This research answered the following questions:

1. What are the pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language?
2. How do teachers use the pedagogical skills when teaching English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district?

• To what extent do teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district?

1.7 Scope of the Study

This considered scope in terms of geographical, content and time scope.

1.7.1    Geographical scope

This study was carried out in the selected Primary Schools in Kayunga District.

1.7.2    Content scope

It examined English teachers’ pedagogical skills, to determine the English teachers’, use of the pedagogical skills and the extent to which English teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district

1.7.3 Time scope

This research process ran from 2020 to 2023.

1.8 Significance of the study

This study is intended to examine the level of pedagogical training and its effects on lesson delivery    and delivery among Kayunga School Teachers. The researcher realized that there is limited information available to elucidate the importance of pedagogical training on lesson delivery in Uganda’s Schools and Kayunga School in particular. In fact, most studies carried out on the value of pedagogical training in teaching and learning process in schools are not zeroed down to Kayunga School.

This research will provide additional information to the body of knowledge regarding the importance of pedagogical training in improving the quality of teaching and learning in Schools. This will contribute immensely to enhance the capacity of policy makers in the education sector and other interested stakeholders to address the challenges facing our education system in general and Kayunga School specifically. This therefore will also influence different stakeholders in different parts of Uganda to adopt key information, which is necessary for successful implementation of the new lower Secondary curriculum.

1.9 Limitations of the study

The researcher anticipates encountering the following challenges during the course of data collection.

Inadequate resources to be used in carrying out data collection, this is because Kayunga district is a big district and covering all the schools will be difficult for the researcher.

The fear of COVID-19 by people may pose a challenge especially, when using interviews since most people fear contact with others.

Distances between different Kayunga Schools may make it difficult to contact the entire group of respondents. This may affect the quality of the process of data collection and production of the report. Domestic and administrative responsibility of respondents may affect their commitment and interest in this study. This may eventually affect the quality of the research report.

1.10 Delimitations

The researcher will borrow funds from some of the family members and friends and participate in agricultural activities to generate supplementary income to support the cost of typing, printing and binding the proposal and final dissertation and transport, the researcher will use Boda Boda where possible to reach some respondents within the same location to minimize the cost of transport. Questionnaire will be sent online to an identified and responsible acquaintance to help print, seek permission from Dean of the respective learning centers, distribute questionnaire, collect and return them through available and reliable means. Online applications such as zoom, e-mail and telephone calls will be used for consultation with the supervisors and interviewing some respondents after scheduling the time. The purpose of the study will be shared with respondents in order to increase their commitment. Prior consultation through phone call and time will be scheduled to cater for those with very limited time due to domestic and administrative engagement.

SECTION TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2. 1 Introduction

Pedagogical training involves preparation and delivery skills. Therefore, there is need to page pedagogical skills as one of the requirements for one to be employed as a teacher in School.  This chapter present the literature that has been reviewed in line with this study. The purpose of literature review is to establish the existing theoretical background of the study so that the investigation is not carried out in void. It is presented according to the objectives of the study.

2.1 Theoretical review [Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

The study was underpinned by Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (Bandura 1977).  According Bandura, behaviors are learned through observation and modeling. His social learning theory posits that children learn by observing the actions of others, including parents and peers, individuals that are observed are called models. In society, children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’s TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school. These models provide examples of behavior to observe and imitate, e.g., masculine and feminine, pro and anti-social.

The social learning theory furthermore, indicates that children develop new skills and acquire new information through observations in a school setting the learners are constantly observing the teachers and imitating them.  This theory will be used in examining teachers’’ use of pedagogical skills to the teaching of English language. It can be asserted that children learn when they are able to learn from their peers’ behavioral skills that can help them to acquire skills in subjects like English language. Since theory also indicates that learners learn through observation, it is therefore imperative to note that pupils learn by following the teacher’s ways of teaching. This theory therefore emphasizes that teacher’s pedagogy is very imperative on determining how the pupils perform in a specific subject.

One of the primary strengths of Bandura’s theory is its flexibility to explain differences in a child’s behavior or learning strategies. The theory notes that children learn at different levels there are faster learners and slow learners therefore the teacher’s pedagogical skills are imperative in catering for the learning levels of children. There are four mediational processes proposed by Bandura:

Attention: The individual needs to pay attention to the behavior and its consequences and form a mental representation of the behavior. For a behavior to be imitated, it has to grab our attention. We observe many behaviors on a daily basis, and many of these are not noteworthy. Attention is therefore extremely important in whether a behavior influences other imitating it.

Retention: How well the behavior is remembered. The behavior may be noticed but is it not always remembered which obviously prevents imitation. It is important therefore that a memory of the behavior is formed to be performed later by the observer.

Much of social learning is not immediate, so this process is especially vital in those cases. Even if the behavior is reproduced shortly after seeing it, there needs to be a memory to refer to.

Reproduction: This is the ability to perform the behavior that the model has just demonstrated. We see much behavior on a daily basis that we would like to be able to imitate but that this not always possible. We are limited by our physical ability and for that reason, even if we wish to reproduce the behavior, we cannot.

Motivation: The will to perform the behavior. The rewards and punishment that follow a behavior will be considered by the observer. If the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs (if there are any), then the behavior will be more likely to be imitated by the observer. If the vicarious reinforcement is not seen to be important enough to the observer, then they will not imitate the behavior.

The theory highlights that children learn in a social context. This reinforces the idea that when there is a change in the child’s environment, the child’s behavior may change as well. For example, a child may have trouble following directions in a relaxed home environment, but have no problems with authority in a stricter school setting. On the other hand, the theory may be limited to support the levels of accountability for actions of children in a class room environment whether at home or in schools (Eun, 2019). However, despite the above weakness this theory will still be relevant to the study because the children when taught English subject they learn at different levels in a school environment which has direct influence on how they behave and process information or acquire the knowledge skills.

2.2 Empirical literature review

This section will review the study inline to the objectives of the study;

2.2.1 Teachers’ Pedagogical skills and the teaching of English language

Pedagogical skills are one type of skills that absolutely need to be mastered by teachers. Basically, pedagogical competence is the ability of teachers to manage the education of learners. Pedagogical skills refer to skills of teachers to deal with three aspects of teaching skills, namely lesson planning, implementing teaching and learning process, and assessing learners ‘learning. According to Susilo (2011), pedagogical competence is the ability of teachers to manage the education of learners, include: setting up the learning device, implementing the learning, and evaluation.

According to Cullen et al. (2002) Pedagogy can be defined as teaching-learning process for the children that can be extended to informal setting outside the educational institutions. Whereas, the fundamental of receptive pedagogy remains the obvious purpose of the educator to make learners have confidence in their individual competency; meet challenges; to make learners’ aptitude stronger to effectively manage comprehensive projects and self-efficacy; and to grow their inclusive self-concept (Smith et al., 2016).

On the other hand, pedagogical skills include teaching-learning related skills like planning the lesson properly, managing the class, choosing appropriate strategy for instruction, supporting the learners in their learning process (Choy et al., 2013; Nind & Lewthwaite, 2018).

Khan (2008) found in her study that knowledge base; control over teaching quality; reflexion and self-assessment; resources and environment of working place are the critical components for the teachers in their professional life. Smith et al., (2016) concluded from their study that, pedagogical skills contribute to make pupils believe in their individual competency, capability to complete their coursework magnificently, ability to judge themselves and overcome challenges successfully.

Through the work of the teacher, the value and potential of a nation are assessed. Gbagi (2011) instructors’ insufficient efforts to educate their learners as the reason why candidates performed poorly in the public exams. According to Ayedun (2011), who agreed with Gbagi, instructors are mostly to blame for learners’ failures. However, Olukoya (2011) contended that the failings of the learners were not their instructors’ faults. He continued by saying that a candidate’s achievement in any exam was a product of a variety of things, including their education, upbringing, teachers, classmates, and the government.

Because they are the public faces of education, teachers are frequently the easy scapegoat when a student is performing below expectations. Then, despite all other obstacles, teachers must be committed to search out better ways to instruct learners in classrooms. There need to be approaches that instructors might take to increase the educational process and, in turn, the success of the learners’ learning experiences.

One of the most difficult limitations teachers must work under is the allotted instructional time. Effective class management is a skill that top-notch teachers must possess. Careful preparation can help maximize the use of time in the classroom. The amount of time learners spend actively participating in learning activities and their academic success are related (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2000). The achievement of the learners may consequently be impacted by the instructors’ capacity to plan, oversee, and devote quality time to education. Few instructors truly make sure that their learners are engaged and actively occupied with activities aimed toward the learning of the subject during the assigned time, despite the fact that most teachers arrange and allocate the proper amount of time for learning.

The imperative in recent years about improving student outcomes is also about improving the quality of the teaching workforce. In recent years, however, recruiting and retaining quality teachers has become a challenge among some OECD countries. In addition to the ageing of the teaching workforce, some countries experience high rates of attrition among new teachers and a shortage of quality teachers in high-demand subject areas and disadvantaged schools. There is also concern about attracting high-achieving and motivated candidates into teacher education programmes and the lowering of qualification requirements in the certification and licensing of new teachers. Issues such as these have an impact on the quality of the resulting teaching workforce that is tasked with improving student outcomes. For example, the ageing of the teacher workforce entails the loss of experienced teachers through retirement. High attrition rates among new teachers is costly to the system and may prompt education authorities to fill teacher shortages by lowering qualification requirements for the certification of new teachers or by assigning teachers to teach subjects or grades for which they were not trained. In such cases, the quality of the teaching workforce is negatively affected.

Teaching methods are often divided into two broad categories: teacher-centered methods (also called direct instruction) and learner-centered methods (also called indirect
instruction or inquiry-based learning). An effective teacher knows several methods,
some teacher-directed and others learner-directed. From among these methods, a
teacher selects the one method or combination of methods most likely to achieve a
particular lesson’s objectives with a particular group of learners (Elizabeth, 2010).

2.2.2 Teachers use of the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language

Quality teaching is highly correlated with the use of effective pedagogical techniques to bring learning to learners. It involves several dimensions, such as designing an effective curriculum and course content, the use of a variety of learning contexts (guided independent study, project-based learning, collaborative learning, and experimentation), soliciting and using feedback, and effective assessment of learning outcomes. It also involves well-adapted learning environments and student support services.

English language was very important because it would ease people to update new information around the world globally. Millions of children, especially in Asia, has been learning English. It has made English teachers work hard to teach them. This was because teaching English to children (young 25 learners) was not easy. The teachers should search for and use interesting, effective, and suitable media to teach English in the class. According to Patel and Jain (2008) teaching material and instructional are used based on the teacher’s objectives, whether it is skill of reading, understanding, writing and speaking or sub skills of skills. In teaching English for young learners, teachers are free to use any instructional media in accordance with the learning objectives to be achieved. For example, when teachers could not use any instructional media in teaching English because of the limitations of media, so the teacher can use the media ‘learners themselves’. As Harmer (2007) stated that learners are the most useful resources in the classroom so teacher can do many things with the learners as the media of learning. For instance, in teaching part of body, the teacher can use the learners’ body if there is no picture available. The use of interesting, effective, and suitable media was to attract the children’s attention in learning English. Suyanto (2008) stated that young learners liked the materials that were visualized. It was more interesting and joyful. Using pictures, flash card, and songs were the examples of interesting, effective, and suitable media to make the children happy in learning English. According to Medina (2003) as cited in Heriyawati (2010), songs could share all the same aspects of oral story. Songs also could ease the children to remember words, patterns, and chunks of language (Paul, 2003). While flash cards were important teaching resource that could be used to introduce and practice specific language targets (Paul, 2003).

Even though the quality of teaching in higher education has an impact on learners’ learning outcomes, it is confronted with various challenges from different directions. Gaps are often found between the expectations of learners and the readiness of instructors to provide appropriate lessons in the education sector. Instructors are highly expected to engage in designing curricula, conducting assessments, and delivering conventional classes in their teaching through integrating new technologies.

The absence of pedagogical training of primary school teaching often results in the maintenance of the old methods of teaching, which often focus on the instructors instead of the needs of learners and on the subject matter instead of the transfer of knowledge. A good teaching method helps learners to question their preconceptions and motivates them to learn, by putting them in a situation in which they come to see themselves as the authors of the answers and the agents of responsibility for change. In the traditional system, instructions are teacher centered, and the learners’ needs and interests are not considered. Therefore, instruction must be changed toward a method in which the needs of pupils are considered, so that active behavioral change can occur.

2.2.3 Teachers’ pedagogical skills and learners’ performance in English language

Odalen, et al., (2019) found that training of School teachers enhances their ability to teach confidently, carryout reflection on individual delivery practices as well as being acquainted with major teaching and learning strategies such as student-centered methodology. School academic staff pedagogical skills training has been recounted to have an enormous influence in not only lecture planning, lecture room control and continuous assessment but also enhancing active learners’ participation during the lecturing processes (Negassa & Engdasew, 2017).

Offering effective teaching and producing good-quality graduates requires teachers to possess a combination of knowledge of the subject matter and pedagogical skills. Most of the teachers who are engaged in primary education have not been properly trained in well-grounded teaching methodologies. As a result, they lack confidence since they are not given further training opportunities, books, and similar teaching aids to participate fully in the scenario (Trifitriana et al., 2020).

Self-confidence about the professional skills and responsibilities are crucial for the teachers as they will be outdated if failed to enhance their skills with the demands of time (R. Khan, 2008). Teachers’ commitment to work and professional accountabilities are needed to transform their professional skills (Richter et al., 2011). Skills related to teaching-learning that are essential for the teachers like- designing appropriate lesson plan; managing own classes properly; picking up suitable and effective teaching-learning method; being a support system for the learners in terms of their learning are considered as pedagogical skills (Choy et al., 2013; Nind & Lewthwaite, 2018).

Teachers professional skills is something about the record and reflection of experiencing, learning and then applying in a professional setting with the intention to enhance one’s skill (Lorriman, 2011). In teaching, pedagogical skills refers to the enhancement of teaching skills among the teachers that comes from their own responsibility (R. Khan, 2008). Among the teachers, pedagogical skills mainly focuses on the way in which good teachers explain the content and understand the appropriate way of the learners’ learning (Bausmith & Barry, 2011).

In United Kingdom, technology is used widely in applying innovative pedagogical practices allowing the learners to be more independent and target oriented that brings change is traditional pedagogical practices (Harris, 2002). In Finland there is a continuous research-based discussion on the teachers’ education over several decades resulting great achievements of their learners in the global setting (Toom et al., 2010). The Finish teachers also undergo various pre and in-service training sessions and being financed for pilot projects on CPD when necessary to be prepared for providing their learners with inclusive and equity-based teaching (Valijarvi, 2003).

In United States of America, effective teachers are expected to have qualities like- deep knowledge on the content; planning well-organized lessons; using time effectively; giving frequent feedback to the learners; having good term with learners etcetera (Haynie & Stephani, 2008). On the other hand, China is passing through a pedagogical reform in order to cope with the rapid socio-economic change creating new challenges for the teachers (Tan, 2017). Singapore is always concerned about its teacher education system to ensure quality teachers who are able to fulfil the needs of their learners where National Institute of Education ensures standard teacher education through different programmes (Lim, 2014).

CHAPTER THREE

RESEACH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the research design, sample size, sampling procedures, research instruments, procedure for data collection, data analysis and ethical consideration.

3.2 Research design

The study used a case study research design. A case study research design is a qualitative research method that focuses on in-depth exploration and analysis of a specific individual, group, event, or phenomenon (………..). It involved conducting a detailed investigation of a particular case to gain insights, understand complex issues, and generate rich, context-specific data (…………..).

A case study design was used so that the information about the practice of constructivist strategies in Kayunga in Schools can add more knowledge to existing information and this will be presented in chapter four of the dissertation. The information presented in the above chapter was collected from Schools in Kayunga. The researcher applied both qualitative approaches in order to get information from the respondents.

3.3 Population

A population refers to any collection of specified group of human beings or of non-human entities such as objects, educational institutions, time units, geographical areas, and prices of wheat or salaries drawn by individuals (Suphanchaimat, 2021). The study population included;

1. Head Teachers who supervise the teaching and learning
2. teachers who are tasked with the teaching and assessment of learners’
3. Pupils who are acted upon/taught.
4. Selected primary schools within Kayunga district.

3.3.1 Sample size

It is impossible to study the whole targeted population of the study and therefore the researcher took a sample of the population this is also further supported by Mugenda, (2003) who notes that a researcher should choose a sample out of the whole targeted population. A sample is a subset of the population that comprises members selected from the population. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table for sample size determination approach, a sample size of 92 respondents will be selected from the total population of 33 of both Teachers and Head Teachers.

Table showing the sample size of respondents

Source: Primary Data

3.4 Sampling procedure

In this study, the researcher used purposive sampling technique to choose respondents. Purposive sampling is a form of non-probability sampling in which a researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of the population to participate in the study (Ames, Glenton, & Lewin, 2019). White (2005) explains that in purposive sampling, the concern is to acquire in depth knowledge from those who are in position to give it, this sampling technique was used to access a particular group of people whose profile fits the context of this study.

3.4.1 Simple Random Sampling Technique (SRS) It is a probability sampling method where every individual or element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. This Technique used for selecting pupils since they are many.

3.5 Research instruments

These are data collection methods and tools. These included; interview guide, document review, focus group discussion guide and observation guide:

3.5.1 Interview guide

Interviews refer to a structured or semi-structured conversation between two or more individuals, typically conducted for the purpose of gathering information, exchanging ideas, or eliciting responses to specific questions. Interviews are commonly used in research, journalism, recruitment, and various professional settings to collect qualitative or quantitative data, gain insights, and explore people’s perspectives and experiences (………..). In an interview, one person takes on the role of the interviewer, who poses questions and guides the conversation, while the other person or people being interviewed are the respondents or interviewees, who provide answers and share their thoughts, knowledge, or opinions. The interviewer may use a predetermined set of questions or engage in a more flexible, open-ended conversation, depending on the purpose and nature of the interview (………….). The study used interview guide to get response from teachers and Head teachers on the interview questions that was asked regarding the topic under investigation.

3.5.2 Documentary Review

Documentary review is a research method that involves the systematic and critical analysis of existing documents, such as reports, policy papers, and archives, to collect data and insights related to a specific research question (……….). It is a useful technique for researchers who want to investigate a particular topic or issue in-depth, but who do not have access to primary data sources, such as surveys or interviews (Karppinen, & Moe, 2019).

The process of documentary review typically involves a thorough examination of the available documents, with a focus on identifying relevant information and data. The researcher used various methods to analyze the documents, such as content analysis or discourse analysis, to identify patterns, themes, and key issues related to the research question (Dalglish, Khalid, & McMahon, 2020).

Overall, documentary review is a valuable research method that involves the critical analysis of existing documents to gather data and insights related to a specific research question. It can be used on its own or in conjunction with other research methods, and can help to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex issues and topics (Tight, 2019).

In order to have a general understanding on teachers’ pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language in selected primary schools in Kayunga District. The researcher will review the lesson plans, time table, classroom and teacher’s academic qualifications.

3.5.3 Focus group discussion

A focus group discussion is a qualitative research method that involves a group of individuals who share their experiences, beliefs, opinions, and attitudes on a particular topic or issue. The goal of focus group discussions is to gain a deeper understanding of people’s perceptions and attitudes towards a specific topic (…………) . Focus groups are typically conducted by a trained moderator who facilitates the discussion among the participants. The moderator guides the discussion by asking open-ended questions, encouraging participants to share their thoughts and opinions, and ensuring that everyone has a chance to speak (……….).  The focus group discussion can be used to gather information on a variety of topics, such as consumer behavior, product design, public opinion, and social issues (………….). Focus group discussions are particularly useful when the researcher wants to explore the underlying reasons behind people’s attitudes and behaviors. One of the key advantages of focus group discussions is that they allow for the collection of rich, detailed data that can provide insights into people’s thoughts and feelings. Additionally, focus group discussions can be a cost-effective way to gather information from a large number of people in a relatively short period of time (…………).

However, focus group discussions also have some limitations. For example, the results may not be representative of the larger population, and the group dynamics can influence the results. Additionally, the moderator’s skills can also impact the quality of the data collected.

The focus group discussion will be subjected to the pupils who will be divided into groups of 10 to discuss a specific topic that will presented to them.

Top of Form

3.8 Validity and reliability

It is vital that the researcher ensures the validity and reliability of the research instruments. This was done by pretesting the data collection instruments using a few selected respondents from each category of the population to ensure that the questions are clear and in line with the research objectives.

3.8.1 Validity

Validity is defined as the extent to which results can be accurately interpreted and generalized to other populations (Oso & Onen, 2008). Onyinkwa, (2013) validity is defined as the degree to which results obtained by the research instrument correctly represented to the phenomenon understudy and Mugenda (1999) as the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences which are based on the research results.

3.8.2 Reliability

According to Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) reliability is the measure of the extent to which research instruments are able to provide the same results upon being tested repeatedly. Crobach’s coefficient alpha (a) as recommended by Amin, (2005, P.302) was used to test the reliability of the research instrument.

3.9 Data collection procedure

After formulation of data collection instruments, the researcher took the tools to the supervisor for approval. The researcher sought for an introductory letter from the office of the Head of Department of Education, Makerere University; this introductory letter was presented to the respondents of the School to obtain permission to conduct the study. Thereafter, the instruments were issued out to few selected respondents for pretesting. Pretesting helped the researcher to get the feedback on whether the respondents are able to interpret and answer the questions in line with research purpose.       

3.10 Data Analysis

Data analysis of qualitative data involves the systematic examination and interpretation of textual or non-numerical data to uncover patterns, themes, and insights. Qualitative data analysis aims to understand the meaning, context, and subjective experiences captured in the data. Here are some key steps and approaches in analyzing qualitative data:

Familiarization with the Data: the researcher began by immersing himself in the data to gain a comprehensive understanding of the content. This involved reading or listening to the data repeatedly, taking notes, and becoming familiar with the nuances, perspectives, and details captured in the data. The researcher also examined closely, and initial codes or labels that are assigned to capture different concepts, ideas, or patterns. This process involved breaking down the data into smaller units, identifying themes, and generating descriptive codes. The researcher also analyzed the themes and later the researcher also used Data Exploration and Interpretation.

3.11     Ethical Considerations

The, researcher protected respondents against potentially harmful effects of participation, for example, stress, hunger and loss of self-esteem. To achieve this, participants was requested not to disclose their identity anywhere on the questionnaire. The respondents informed about the procedures of the study and they asked to make their decision to either participate or withdraw from participation. The researcher provided information on the purpose of the study, benefits of the study to the respondents, expected duration of participation and procedures that was used.

The researcher sought the consent of the participants and inform participants who would be willing to participate that their involvement in the study is purely voluntary. The willing participants were assured that the information that they would provide be used for any other purpose except for this research. Information relating to the respondents to this study kept and not disclose to any other persons and all information collected will be kept anonymous. Works of other scholars  always be cited by quoting the sources of information

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF THE FINDINGS

DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY RESULTS

4.0 Discussion of the study results.

This section presents the discussion of the study results in line to objectives of the study; it will specifically present the interviews inform of themes, sub-themes and responses from the respondents who were interviewed in the study. The objectives of the study included; To find out the pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language; to investigate how teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district and to establish the extent to which teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district.

4.1 The pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language

This section presents the responses from the research instruments specifically the interviews, focus group discussion and observation. The study results further show that the results of the English teachers’ pedagogical skills.

Table showing findings on the pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language

Theme                 Sub-theme         Response

We do-I do      I always use I do we do teaching method since this approach helps me to connect well to my leaners and they are able to understand the English lessons I am teaching them.  In the results found in the study it was discovered that many teachers used the teaching method of “We-I do-we do”.

This was specifically indicated by one of the female teachers of the primary school who stated that;

“During lessons I normally participate with the pupils in the different activities, my participation enables even shy pupils to feel involved in the study and for the years that I have been a teacher pupil have always felt comfortable with this form of teaching”.

In another response one of the male teachers from Sokoso primary school indicated that when I use, we-do-I do;

“There is active participation of all the pupils this also gives them hands on knowledge on what is being taught in class”.

In another response, another teacher also mentioned that; “During the lessons I normally use I do we do teaching method specifically to encourage shy pupils to participate in the class, “this is because this is one of the most inclusive methods of teaching”.

In another findings the Head teacher respondend that teachers in the school are requested to use a teaching method that is interactive and enables all leaners to participate in the study.

The deputy head teacher further indicated that;

“Pupils are from different Backgrounds some are shy, others are confident, some are reserved, all this has an impact on how they participate in class, therefore using We do-I do, as imperative in making the classroom inclusive and interactive”.

The findings further revealed that;

“We do-I do, is a very good teaching method as it enables the teachers to have a feeling of what the leaners are feeling”. As indicated by the female English teacher.

Question and answer

In the findings in the study, it was revealed that question and answer is used by the teachers in the organization.

This view was also shared by one of the male teachers who indicated that;

“During the English language lessons, I normally use question and answer, however I face a challenge were some students are shy and they fear to ask questions during the lessons, this also affects their individual contribution in classroom, due to this gap I therefore adopted more approaches of teaching and not to specifically lean on month”.

One of the other teachers further stated that;

“When I use question and answer students become interactive as even the ones who fear talking in class gain courage to ask since they all feel engaged. It also enhances their confidence in what they believe in”.

The results in the study further indicates that; one of the elderly male teachers of class primary three indicated that;

“Ever since I qualified as a teacher, I have been using question and answer during this process I ask the pupils questions of what I have taught and they respond. they are also free to ask me any question regarding the topic I have taught them”.

In another response one of the teachers further indicated using question and answer approach students normally pay attention because they understand that they are involved.

The study results further show that; one of the “Head Teachers revealed;

In sokoso primary school we encourage teachers to always use question and answer so that pupils are able to test their understanding of what the teacher has taught”.

The use of question and answer is one of the ways through which we assess learners, this enables us to understand if the learners have grasped what has been taught by the teacher or not.

Incase the leaners are given a specific question when they fail to answer we are able to change the approach to teach them so that they understand what we are teaching them.as noted by the male head teacher in sokoso primary school.

Question and answer approach is one of the cheapest ways of also assessing the competence of the teachers, in this the teachers are able to understand his weakness and strengths so as to revise the approach of teaching. One of the teachers further noted;

“When I use question and answer I am able to understand the best way to teach my leaners and also know their areas of weakness in this I am able to have a firm knowledge on their areas of strength so as I am able to choose on the best approach to address”.

Demonstration           In the findings of the study, it was revealed that most of the teachers used demonstration.      I use demonstration in the classroom during English lessons because through this I am able to connect with the leaners, this was specifically mentioned by one of the teachers of a primary school,

In another study one of the teachers asserted that through the use of demonstration leaners are able to physically understand what is being taught and in future they are able to understand better the study.

While another male teacher indicated that; “demonstration helps me to connect to my students well and this approach also enables the students to feel free to express themselves during the English lessons”.

During the interview one of the teachers intimated that; “when Iam in English lesson and I use demonstration to teach for example doing verbs like running, in this I make leaners to run so that the understand clearly the meaning of running, other doing verbs like clapping hands, walking, sitting, standing all I teach them through demonstration”.

I use pictures

The study results revealed that teachers use pictures

In the response from one of the teachers he intimated that;

“I use pictures in my classroom for example the body parts, different objects used in the community where the leaners like this is to enable the leaners have a good understanding of what is being taught so that they are par with what is being taught”.

The head teacher also emphasized that; “we provide teachers with pictures of objects that are specifically found in the communities here to facilitate better teaching and learning by the leaners from their teachers”.

In the response on the use of pictures in class room one of the teachers further noted that;

“I normally use charts in the class so as to enable the learners be in position to understand what is being taught in class”.

In response to the use of pictures as a mode of teaching it was further revealed by one of the female teachers that;

“Pictures have a way of making leaners more interested in what they are learning since some of the pictures are very interesting especially for domestic animals and domestic tools”.

The head teacher from Namusaale also further revealed that “I always ensure that during lessons especially for lower classes the teachers have the pictures to show leaners so that they can understand better”.

However contrary to the teacher’s indication that they picture during the documentary review and focus group discussion with the pupils it was revealed that they were no pictures in classrooms visited.

This also further indicates that the teachers perhaps just keep the pictures in the staff rooms and just go with it during lessons, this may not be effective since the teachers do not leave for the leaners pictures on the walls inform of charts in the classroom and the only time, they come inContact with the pictures is only when there is.

The head teachers also further acknowledged having pictures for all classes is quite expensive and the school does not have enough resources since it is UPE funded, this limits the school ability to use pictures whenever the lessons of English is carried out and another factor is that pictures cannot be used for all the classes.

During the interview the head teachers also further acknowledged; “that though the use pictures in classes is important in the learning of English subject they have failed to implement it fully because the use of pictures in classes requires some bit financial resources to print the pictures in the manila paper and lack of money is one of the challenges we face at this school”.

In the response on the use of pictures, it was revealed that; “In fact when used to teach P.3 I used pictures according to the day of the week, this really helped me in enhancing the performance of learners in English language subject, however I have a challenge of few text books this some how limits me”.

I use stories during lessons   Findings from the study revealed that some of the teachers used stories during teaching of English lessons            During the interview one of the teachers acknowledged that; during the lessons she uses stories to be able to connect to the leaners so that they understand what she is teaching;

“When I use stories, I am able to connect with my leaners deep because the stories I give them are something I draw from their community and therefore this resonates with them very well”.

However, most of the stories are also presented inform of pictures this therefore enhances better learning among leaners.

On regarding to the use of stories in the learning of English lessons the Head teacher asserted that;

“We encourage our teachers to connect to the leaners in different ways like use of stories to enhance, however we also encourage them to back up stories with pictures to give the learners a better understanding of what is happening”.

The study also further indicates that during English lessons the teachers who used stories always experienced better performance among leaners, this also further indicates that there is always a better way to enhance better performance.

Another teacher who uses stories further indicated that; during the lessons when I use stories to draw attention of the leaners,

“I normally draw diagrams in the black board to accompany them, this is to enable the leaners have a better understanding of what we are talking about in the study and therefore they can understand what is being taught”.

Stories have helped me to be in position to connect with my leaners and even shy leaners participate during the lessons, as give them stories I also encourage them to narrate their stories inline with what they experience at home as it increases their concentration in class and participation.

Use of real objects      The findings in the study revealed that most of the teachers used real objects during the teaching of English lesson       In response to the use of real objects in the study it was revealed by one of the male teachers that;

“I use real objects like for example when am teaching about a ball I make sure that we make a ball as this enables leaners to have a good understanding of what we are talking about and they do not forget what has been taught in that manner”.

While another teachers in Namusaale church of Uganda primary school intimated that; :”the use of real objects has enabled me connect better with the leaners and most of the things I taught using real objects they have not forgotten”.

On findings out if the teachers used objects , one of the female teachers also stated that real objects are rear so the teachers cannot find them this has also made it difficult for the teachers in this school to use real objects during lessons.

During the study the head teacher of Namusaale catholic primary school also indicated that;”I normally encourage the teachers to use real objects where possible since the community that these leaners come from is mainly rural and they have objects all around”.

While on the same note another male teacher noted that; “I would like to use real objects during the teaching lessons however the school does not provide to us the real objects to use for educational purposes”

On the same note one of the other Head teachers also noted that; “we would like our teachers to use real objects during the study however it is very expensive for the school to afford since we are universal primary school”.

Trial and error method

During the interview it was revealed that some teachers are using trial and error method In response to the use of trial-and-error method it was revealed by the Head teacher that; teachers use this method to have a better understanding of the ability of the students.

Still on the subject matter of trial and error it was revealed by one of the teachers of Namusaale primary school that; “teachers have adopted trial and error since it is a cheap method which does not require much resources”.

One of the English teachers of Namusaale church of Uganda asserts that “I use trial error method because most methods of teaching are expensive and the school can’t afford charts”

The study findings further show that; One of the teachers responded to the fact that trial and error method is used at Naamusaale C/U primary school to cater for better understanding of the leaner’s capabilities, so to evaluate the best method of teaching them to improve their performance”.

The study results further shows that Trial and error method was adopted by many some teachers of English in primary six however, though the method works well in other classes, it can’t work in other levels while teaching English.

While carrying out the study one of the female teachers indicated that “I have been using trial and error method for most of my teaching career, however it has enabled me to have a better understanding of learners weakness and strengths”.

The study result also indicated that another female head teacher noted that; trial and error method is imperative to enhance teachers’ better understanding of their pupils”.

Mark pupils books      The findings in the study reveals that teachers mark leaners books

In response to this findings one of the teachers  asserted that; “I normally mark learners books every day and after I do corrections so that they know what  they are missing.

4.2 How teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language

The analysis of the response is below;

Theme

Sub-theme

Response

Regular assessment of learners           The findings in the study reveals that teachers normally use regular assessment of learners     In line to the response on regular assessment one of the teachers indicated that;

“I normally give the leaners daily home works to take home and answer from there , so as to determine if they have understood what I have taught them in class, this is essential in that I am able to determine their concentration in class”.

While a female teacher from Namusaale church of Uganda primary school asserted that;

“I give leaners weekly tests on the key activities we have covered to determine if they have understood what I have taught in class”.

In the study the results further revealed that, one of the male teachers of Namuusaale catholic school stated that;

“I normally group leaners in different groups by specifically recognizing those who do not normally stay together then ii bring them together then I watch their concentration this enables me to learn how they have caught up with my teaching”.

In findings further on the teacher’s response on regular assessment of leaners; a female English teacher of Namusaale primary school indicated that;

“I view every pupil as a singular person by reviewing their exercise books, this helps to understand the leaners weak areas and areas of strength so I will understand what to do for that specific person”.

In the findings of the study the head teacher’s response was that; “I normally check on the teachers schedules and also follow up on the work the they have done, the head teacher further reiterated that;

“I randomly go to any class to check if the teacher has done the assessment of the learners work, if I get the assessment I normally have a discussion with thee teacher in the staff room.

Consider the size of the class The findings revealed that teachers consider class size in the designing an appropriate teaching method The findings from the study further indicated that; “consideration of class size is imperative in the pedagogy this was specifically stressed by one of the teachers who indicated; when I am going to teacher before I select the method of teaching, I consider the class size due to limited equipment’s there is some teaching methods that require charts however if the class size is big and they few this will affect the student’s concentration in class will eventually be low”.

In response to class size one of the teachers of Namusaale p/s school mention that; “when the class size is small, I normally give txt books to leaners because learning materials like text books are few and therefore their use is only dependent to class”.

While another teachers also stressed that;

“Most classes in the lower primary like primary four and three have many leaners where one has to choose a specific teaching method that is able to manage the large numbers of leaners effectively to enable them learn”.

Use of teaching aids   On the findings out if the teachers used teaching aides during the lessons

Most of the teachers stated that they do use teaching aides only twice a week                    On the response to the number of times the teachers used teaching aids majority of the teachers assert that they used teaching aides only twice a week; “

As evidenced by one of the teachers who asserted that; “I use teaching aides only twice a week because the school has few of them.

While another female teacher of upper primary classes asserted that; “I use teaching aides only once a month because the school provides us with few and we share as teachers so I wait when another teacher has used then I also get hold of it then use it to my classes, so every class I teach gets only once a week chance to have a teaching aid used their lessons”.

On response to the frequency on the use of teaching aid it was reported by; another male aged English teachers asserted that; “I have not been using teaching aides for a long time because my school has not provided me with one”.

The study results further noted that in the schools of Namusaale catholic school that; “the head teacher promised to give us teaching aid but he has not yet delivered them”.

The study results further shows that most of the respondents have the view that; “teaching aides are expensive and the schools cannot afford.

This was also further strengthened by the observation of the classroom for primary seven learners whose class did not have any teaching aid.

This finding also contradicted the response from another teacher who had reported that he uses teaching aid in class, it is therefore apparent that most schools in Kayunga district do not have teaching aides in the classes.

Following schemes of work    On findings out if the teachers followed schemes of work, it was revealed that schools ensured that teachers made schemes of work

In finding out if the school followed schemes of work; it was revealed by the Head teachers of Namusaale primary school that; “I ensure that the teachers make schemes of work for the whole terms and I ensure that they adhere to it as this enables the school to discover the areas that need improvement and plan proactively”.

On findings in the study if schemes of work are implemented one of the Head teachers of Namusaale catholic school revealed that; “I do reveal the review teachers’ lessons plans weekly”.

In the study it was further revealed that the Head teachers review Head teachers lesson plans some of them review weekly and other review monthly.

The findings of the study revealed also that though the schemes of work are reviewed, some teachers did not know how to prepare schemes of work in line with the new syllabus.

Engaging with leaners          On finding out on How teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language, it was revealed that most of the teachers acknowledged that they engage with learners.

One of the teachers indicated that; “For me in order to fully understand my leaners I engage with them, this enables me to understand what they have learnt and what they have not understood”.

The response from one of the Head teachers also indicated that;

“At our school we encourage teachers to engage with the leaners for better understanding of one another”.

The findings in the study further indicates that; one of the teachers of Namusaale primary school asserted that; “on Fridays we create groups of people and we make teachers engage with different groups to understand what teachers go through”.

Consulting fellow teachers

                             The study findings reveals that some teachers indicates that they consult their fellow teachers            On the response towards consulting of fellow teachers it was revealed that; “I normally consult my fellow teachers to give me advice on the teaching and I assess their applicability then I apply it”.

The study results indicates that most teachers consult fellow teachers to improve their teaching skills, this was clearly indicated by the Head teacher who stated that; “we encourage teachers to work together by consult one another and because of this we have made sure that teachers who teach similar subjects form groups and discuss with one another”.

While on the same note the female teachers of namusaale primary school indicated that; “we have a whataspp group of English teachers in this group we discuss matters relating to our subject and so the teachers in both upper primary and those in lower primary share ideas”.

The results in the study indicates that most of the respondents assert that; “working in groups and consulting one another is imperative in developing teachers’ pedagogy since when teachers discuss with one another they are able to get better pedagogical skills”.

In finding out if the teachers consult one another; teachers in Namusaale church of Uganda primary school asserted that; “we in Namusaale C/U primary school we organize teacher meetings every Friday in the staff room where we discuss our subjects and pedagogical practices every week”.

The study results further show that in Namusaale catholic primary school “meeting between teachers was not done since teachers claimed they were busy to have the time to do departmental meetings weekly however they intimated that they meet departmentally monthly”.

Reviews lesson plans             In the study most of the respondents assert that head teachers reviewed their lessons

In response to lesson reviews one of the Head teachers of Namusaale catholic primary school indicated that; “I normally teachers lesson plans weekly as we make plans for the next week to assess our preparedness and determine our success for the future lessons”.

The study results further indicates that; in response to the female head teacher of the primry school it was asserted that; “I normally review lessons plans on monthly basis so as to plan”.

While another head teachers acknowledged to reviewing lesson plans termly.

Teacher writes correction

                             On findings out about how teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language

The results indicate that one of the teachers asserted that; “I normally mark my leaners books and give them corrections this helps me to understand them better”.

In relation to the above this view was also shared one of the teachers who indicated that; “after I have given the pupils homework, I wait for their return of the home work then I mark and give them corrections for what they failed”.

The findings further results indicated that one of the teachers of Namusaale primary school asserted; “I normally write correction for the leaners”.

Encouraging English conversation in class room  The findings indicates that the teachers encourage discussion in English language in class                     The findings of the study indicates that teachers are encouraging discussion in classrooms in English language as this makes leaners to gain a deeper knowledge on the subject and enhance their performance.

While the head teachers of Namusaale catholic school intimated that; “for us we encourage speaking English and normally we give some one speaking in vernacular a born”.

Studying what is in community       The respondents indicated that there is a relationship between what is studied in class and what is in the community          The respondents indicated that they ensure that there is a relationship between what is studied in class and what is in the community “for example in the community they make chairs so he we also teach learners how to make chairs”.

On findings out from learners they asserted that they yest they practice daily activities in school like making football, digging, slashing and cleaning”.

4.3 Teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district.

Leaners can read text books them selves

In the study the respondents indicated that learners can read the text books them selves          In the study one of the teachers asserted that there is positive influence of learning English subject by learners for example; “Due to the English that learners are taught in this school it has made them able to revise text books by themselves hence accelerating their learning ability”.

While on the same note other teachers stated that; “learners can read newspapers themselves in this school”.

The findings in the study further reveals that learners being taught English is imperative for them to read for themselves this adjusts their knowledge and improves their vocabulary.

Learners are able to ask questions by themselves

The study results indicates that through the teaching of English properly learners are able to ask questions for what they have not understood.          One of the findings in the study indicates that a teacher from namusaale primary school asserted that; “learners in my school can ask questions by raising their hands in class”

While another teacher from namusaale church of Uganda stated that;

“When leaners understand English properly, they are able to express themselves freely without fear and those who donot understand English always fear to raise up their hands in class.

While the head teacher from namusaale catholic school stated that;

“we are encouraging proficiency in English among learners since this enables them to learn faster”.

Learn easily learn other subjects

The results further revealed that the respondents asserted that learners easily learn other subjects          In the study one of the teachers of Namusaale church of Uganda primary school stated that; “when learners have good understanding of English language, they are able to learn other subjects easily”.

The female head teacher also indicated that; “those who perform well in English also perform well in other subjects”.

English subject becomes easy for the learners

                             The findings in the study indicates that when English language is taught well to the learners find it easy in the longrun.    The findings in the study indicates that; “English subject becomes easy for learners through the right pedagogical practices”.

The study results also indicates that the Head teacher reported that; “when learners speak English often, they later on find the subject easy for them”.

The study results further show that; one of the head teachers indicated that; “Through the better pedagogical skill the learners are able to have better understanding of English”

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY

5.0 Discussion of the study

This section of the study presents the discussion of the study inline to the study;

5.1.1 Teachers’ Pedagogical skills and the teaching of English language

According to the study the findings indicated that majority of the teachers indicated that they used I always use I do we do teaching method since this approach helps me to connect well to my leaners and they are able to understand the English lessons I am teaching them, in line to this findings Susilo (2011), indicated that Pedagogical skills are one type of skills that absolutely need to be mastered by teachers. Basically, pedagogical competence is the ability of teachers to manage the education of learners, therefore using I do we do is imperative in the enhancing of skills to the respondents, this was also further in line with Nind & Lewthwaite, (2018) On the other hand, pedagogical skills include teaching-learning related skills like planning the lesson properly, managing the class, choosing appropriate strategy for instruction, supporting the learners in their learning process.

In the findings in the study, it was revealed that question and answer is used by the teachers in the schools in Namusaala this view was also shared by Smith et al., (2016) who asserted that the fundamental of receptive pedagogy remains the obvious purpose of the educator to make learners have confidence in their individual competency; meet challenges; to make learners’ aptitude stronger to effectively manage comprehensive projects and self-efficacy; and to grow their inclusive self-concept.

In the findings of the study, it was revealed that most of the teachers used demonstration, this view was also shared by Khan (2018) found in her study that knowledge base; control over teaching quality; reflexion and self-assessment; resources and environment of working place are the critical components for the teachers in their professional life, she further indicated that demonstration is imperative for better understanding of the learners.

The study results revealed that teachers use pictures, this view was also in line with Smith et al., (2016) concluded from their study that, pedagogical skills contribute to make pupils believe in their individual competency and by using pictures the capability to complete their academic work becomes more interesting when the teachers use pictures during the teaching process.

Findings from the study revealed that some of the teachers used stories during teaching of English lessons, this result indicates that Gbagi (2011) though the work of the teacher, the value and potential of a nation are assessed. instructors’ insufficient efforts to educate their learners as the reason why candidates performed poorly in the public exams, however the teaching of English using pictures is imperative for the faster understanding of English lessons.  Ayedun (2011), who agreed with Gbagi, instructors are mostly to blame for learners’ failures. However, Olukoya (2011) contended that the failings of the learners were not their instructors’ faults. He continued by saying that a candidate’s achievement in any exam was a product of a variety of things, including their education, upbringing, teachers, classmates, and the government, however use of appropriate teaching methods like use of pictures is imperative for the learners to improve on their learning.

5.1.2 How teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language in Primary schools

Because they are the public faces of education, teachers are frequently the easy scapegoat when a student is performing below expectations. Then, despite all other obstacles, teachers must be committed to search out better ways to instruct learners in classrooms. There need to be approaches that instructors might take to increase the educational process and, in turn, the success of the learners’ learning experiences.

One of the most difficult limitations teachers must work under is the allotted instructional time. Effective class management is a skill that top-notch teachers must possess. Careful preparation can help maximize the use of time in the classroom. The amount of time learners spent actively participating in learning activities and their academic success are related to the teachers’ pedagogical skills (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2000). The achievement of the learners may consequently be impacted by the instructors’ capacity to plan, oversee, and devote quality time to education. Few instructors truly make sure that their learners are engaged and actively occupied with activities aimed toward the learning of the subject during the assigned time, despite the fact that most teachers arrange and allocate the proper amount of time for learning.

The imperative in recent years about improving student outcomes is also about improving the quality of the teaching workforce. In recent years, however, recruiting and retaining quality teachers has become a challenge among some OECD countries. In addition to the ageing of the teaching workforce, some countries experience high rates of attrition among new teachers and a shortage of quality teachers in high-demand subject areas and disadvantaged schools. There is also concern about attracting high-achieving and motivated candidates into teacher education programmes and the lowering of qualification requirements in the certification and licensing of new teachers. Issues such as these have an impact on the quality of the resulting teaching workforce that is tasked with improving student outcomes. For example, the ageing of the teacher workforce entails the loss of experienced teachers through retirement. High attrition rates among new teachers is costly to the system and may prompt education authorities to fill teacher shortages by lowering qualification requirements for the certification of new teachers or by assigning teachers to teach subjects or grades for which they were not trained. In such cases, the quality of the teaching workforce is negatively affected.

Teaching methods are often divided into two broad categories: teacher-centered methods (also called direct instruction) and learner-centered methods (also called indirect
instruction or inquiry-based learning). An effective teacher knows several methods,
some teacher-directed and others learner-directed. From among these methods, a
teacher selects the one method or combination of methods most likely to achieve a
particular lesson’s objectives with a particular group of learners (Elizabeth, 2010).

5.1.3 Teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district.

In examining the pedagogical skills of the learners the researcher examined the ability of Leaners to be in position to read text books themselves, the researcher further discovered that the learners, were not able to read the text books themselves this results further indicated that the learners command in English language is low since they are not able to read and write, this was further indicated that Odalen, et al., (2019) found that training of School teachers enhances their ability to teach confidently, carryout reflection on individual delivery practices as well as being acquainted with major teaching and learning strategies such as student-centered methodology.

Learners are able to ask questions by themselves, in the study One of the findings in the study indicates that a teacher from Namusaala primary school asserted that, learners in my school can ask questions by raising their hands in class, Negassa & Engdasew, (2017), School academic staff pedagogical skills training has been recounted to have an enormous influence in not only lesson planning, classroom control and continuous assessment but also enhancing active learners’ participation during the learning and teaching processes.

In the findings it was discovered that if the Learners are taught English well they can easily learn other subjects, this shows that the leaners can easily catch up with the other subjects if they are conversant with the English language, this view was also indicated by Trifitriana et al., (2020), Offering effective teaching and producing good-quality graduates requires teachers to possess a combination of knowledge of the subject matter and pedagogical skills. Most of the teachers who are engaged in primary education have not been properly trained in well-grounded teaching methodologies. As a result, they lack confidence since they are not given further training opportunities, books, and similar teaching aids to participate fully in the scenario.

5.2 Conclusion

The findings in the study shows that majority of the teachers used the following teaching techniques; We do –I do is where teachers and leaners work together, Question and answer technique, In the findings in the study, it was revealed that question and answer is used by the teachers in the organization, the study also further indicates that teachers also used Demonstration as teaching technique.

The findings in the study indicates that; other teachers also use pictures in the teaching of leaners, others used stories during lessons this was because in the English lessons the teachers who used stories always experienced better performance among leaners, this also further indicated that there was always a better way to enhance better performance, most of the teachers used real objects during the teaching of English lesson, During the interview it was revealed that some teachers are using trial and error method and lastly the study revealed that teachers mark leaners books.

The findings in the study revealed that teachers normally use regular assessment of learners, the findings revealed that teachers consider class size in the designing of an appropriate pedagogical method, On the findings out if the teachers used teaching aides during the lessons, most of the teachers stated that they do use teaching aides only twice a week.

On findings out if the teachers followed schemes of work, it was revealed that schools ensured that teachers made schemes of work and also On finding out on How teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language, it was revealed that most of the teachers acknowledged that they engage with learners and some teachers indicates that they consult their fellow teachers in enhancing their teaching ability for better teaching.

In the study most of the respondents assert that head teachers reviewed their lessons and On findings out about how teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language and the teachers encourage discussion in English language in class.

In the study the respondents indicated that learners can read the text books themselves, the results indicate that through the teaching of English properly learners are able to ask questions for what they have not understood and the respondents asserted that learners easily learn other subjects

5.3 Recommendations

The study made the following recommendations;

The study indicates that teachers should adopt teaching techniques like; We Do-I do since this approach helps teachers to connect well to leaners and they are able to understand the English lessons, that question and answer is used by the teachers in the organization and it was further revealed that use of demonstration is also important in teaching.

The teachers use of pictures is imperative for the teaching of English and also the study revealed that some of the teachers used stories during teaching of English and the teachers used real objects during the teaching of English lesson all these were found to be important in teaching of English lessons and therefore there is need to adopt them in teaching learners.

The study reveals that teachers normally need regular assessment of learners and revealed that teachers consider class size in the designing an appropriate teaching method and engaging with the leaners is imperative in teaching leaners.

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR TEACHERS

1. To find out the pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language.

What common lesson delivery methods do you commonly use in teaching leaners?

Do you normally use demonstrations while teaching?

When is the teaching/instructional materials introduced during the lesson?

How often do you use teaching aids in teaching learners?

How often do you use pictures and objects during lesson delivery?

How do you assess leaners?

How often do you assess leaners?

Do you allow leaners to ask questions during lessons?

How do you engage with leaners during lesson delivery?

When do you make schemes of work?

2. To investigate how teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district

What informs content selection for teaching English to the leaners?

How do you select content to teach leaners?

What do you consider before delivering lesson to learners?

How often do you prepare content to be taught, in terms of lesson plans, teaching aids and schemes of work?

Is there evidence to show readiness for teaching and learning process?

What language is used in delivering lessons, for example action verbs like describe, explain, demonstrate, which calls for cognitive development of the learners.

How do you present yourself before the leaners as a role model?

How do you respond to leaners’ concerns?

How often do you give feedback to leaners?

Is there coherence in lesson delivery?

3. To establish the extent to which teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district.

Is there active learning in classrooms?

Are the leaners involved in learning process?

Do leaners ask questions during lessons?

How often to leaners approach teachers with a questions regarding English?

Do leaners score good grades in English subject?

Are leaners interested in English subject?

Do leaners attend English subject regularly?

Is there proficiency in speaking English amongst the leaners?

Do leaners speak English with confidence?

Can leaners engage in an active English conversation?

Focused group discussion for learners

1. To find out the pedagogical skills teachers use in the teaching of English language.

Does the teacher mark your work?

Do you do your exercises in groups?

Does the teacher use teaching objects like charts and pictures when teaching you for giving examples?

Are you allowed to ask questions during lessons of English?

How often does the teacher answer your questions during lessons?

Do you normally use text books of English during lessons?

What comments does the teacher normally give you for giving a correct or wrong answer?

Does the teacher give you corrections when you fail?

Does the teacher make corrections with you after an activity?

2. To investigate how teachers, use the pedagogical skills in the teaching of English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district

How often do you use what you have been taught in class?

Do you use what you have learnt in your daily activities?

Do you feel what you learnt is in line with what goes on in your community?

To establish the extent to which teachers’ pedagogical skills influence performance of learners in English language in Primary schools in Kayunga district.

Is English subject difficult?

Do you get the activities the teacher gives you correct?

How do you feel during English lessons?

Does the presence of teacher of English in classroom make you feel comfortable and interested in learning?

Is English language one of your favourite subjects?

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR HEAD TEACHERS

Do you review teachers’ lesson plans?

How often do you check on teacher’s lesson plans?

Does the time table equitably favor all subjects?

Is the time allocated for teaching English subject sufficient?

Does the speaking of English language among leaners encouraged?

What kind of support do you give teachers in teaching English subject?

How do you view the performance in English subject?

How can performance in English subject be improved?

Are there English subject text books in library?

Do you provide teachers with teaching aid to promote teaching and learning of English subject?

Is the school strict on lesson attendance of teachers and leaners?

Do you give leaners story books to enhance English subject learning?

DOCUMENTARY REVIEW

Are there teaching aid in class room?

What is the size of class rooms?

What has been the performance of leaners for the last two years?

Do teachers have lesson plans?

How is the teachers’ schemes of work?

Does the time table promote the teaching and learning of English subject?

How are English subject questions set?

Is the lesson preparation in line with the curriculum?

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