INFLUENCE OF COMMUNITY AWARENESS TO ADHERENCE TO S.O.P.S IN MINIMIZING THE SPREAD OF COVID-19

Corona viruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, corona viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which is caused also by certain other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Corona Virus has signs and symptoms similar to the common cold but is dangerous and if not reported early and managed by Health Workers it can cause severe illnesses in humans and can lead to death. There are ongoing studies on the origins of Coronavirus. However, the current outbreak started in a large animal and seafood market in China, in a city called Wuhan (Chathappady, Palissery, & Sebastian, 2021).

According to Coerdt, & Khachemoune, (2021), coronavirus likely originated in bats or pangolins. The first transmission to humans was in Wuhan, China. Since then, the virus has mostly spread through person-to-person contact. COVID-19 causes a respiratory illness in people and animals and can spread from person-to person through sneezing and coughing droplets.

Coronavirus is spread from human-to-human when an infected person’s sneeze or cough droplets come into contact with others. It can also spread when a person touches a contaminated surface, e.g. desk, chair, door handle etc. then touches their eyes, nose and/or mouth (Glaunsinger, 2020). Everyone is at risk. However, severe symptoms and death appear more frequently among older people. People with underlying health conditions such as lung or heart diseases, renal failure or weak immune systems are noted to be at a higher risk of infection. Most patients who have been seen so far present with; Fever, Cough, Sore throat, Running nose and Difficulty breathing (Chathappady, Palissery, Sebastian, 2021).

In Banda one of the main causes of COVID-19 is mainly as a result of person to person contact, most people do not want to wear mask and also still want to shake hands this has been one of the reasons why there is cases of COVID-19 in Banda.

According to (Glaunsinger, 2020) the following are some of the ways of preventing COVID-19 Be on the lookout and avoid close contact with persons who show flu-like symptoms, Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing., Regularly wash your hands with soap and running water, Whenever possible avoid handling cash and try to use alternative payment methods such as mobile money or debit/credit cards, Ensure you wash your hands thoroughly with soap and running water after handling cash , Thoroughly cook meat and eggs and Avoid unprotected contact with live wild or farm animals.

Community awareness often refers to the degree that people generally know about each other, about social norms and people’s different roles within the community, and about issues that affect the community (Aldila,  et al.,  2020). Community awareness is essential as it enable the community to reduce on their resentment towards specific laws that the government may have put in place. Having a proper community awareness is very critical towards achieving community acceptance of given laws and policies and this increases community participation towards their common cause, Community awareness as describe by Hill is the best way where in family elders recognize their role in the family& recognize their personal capabilities and strengths& appreciate their responsibilities in the community regarding a specific activity in the community (Prandi et al., 2020).

Awareness of any pandemic is very essential to the community as it enables the community to be prepared and provide the support to the vulnerable population to help in reducing the risk of the disease spreading further to other members.  Awareness of the presence of covid-19 Pandemic has helped the community members in different communities to reduce on accept the S.O.Ps like Hand washing, putting on face masks, maintaining social disturbance without being rebellious to the law enforcers (MacPhail,  et al., 2020).

Owen (2020) indicates that there is currently a slight reduction on the COVID-19 spread because of the strict adherence to COVID-19 S.O.Ps by different communities for example in the Asian countries were the observance of S.O.Ps has been highly emphasized the reducing in the Cases has been very high. In order to ensure that the strict observance most of the business have been carried to an online platform so as to reduce on the chances of  people get in contact and increase the spread of COVID-19.

In the effort of combating with COVID-19, a great tribute to the Public Healthcare Systems whose strategy and efforts has played a very effective role all over the world in decreasing the number of fatalities and this to large extend has been praised on the high level of community awareness globally Uganda inclusive.

1.2 Description of site

The study will be carried out in Banda Parish which is one of the parishes of Nakawa Division.  Nakawa Division in Kampala Uganda. Banda is bordered by . Gayaza, Kireka Wakiso, Ntinda, Nakawa, Bugolobi,Mutungo Biina and Luzira.

According to UBO, 2019, Nakawa Division in which Banda is part of has has a population of 318,447 (UBOS, 2014), 51% of whom are women and 84,793 households. Data from the Mapping exercise was analysed as per the WHO/JMP (JMP, 2017) Sanitation service levels.

1.2 Statement of the problem

There has been an increased number of cases in CORONA virus in Uganda and also in Banda , this has led the government of Uganda to put up measures like closing down schools, worship Centres and many other key sector of the economy , this has also hard unmanageable impacts to the people (Chughtai et al., 2021).

According to WHO, (2021) 4,481,152 people have died so far from the coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak as of August 26, 2021, however its rate of spread is one which is more faster than almost all the pandemics ever been in the world, as currently there more than 213,000,000 people who have contracted the Corona virus. Despite the high deaths numbers due to technology available there has been very high community awareness globally through the communication channels like social media (face book, you tube, Google plus), radios, television, and newspapers.

Currently in Uganda there has been 119,000 cases of corona virus with a total of 2,968 deaths, despite the government of Uganda continuous community awareness strategies the corona virus cases have been rising in the country. This therefore has made many researchers to question community awareness, adherence to S.O.P.S in minimizing the spread of Covid-19

1.4 Research questions

1. What is the role of self-management among community in minimizing the spread of COVID-19?
2. What are the roles of Putting on a mask, washing Hands among community members on minimizing the spread of COVID-19?

• What is the influence of community culture on minimizing the spread of COVID-19

1.6 Justifications of the study.

COVID-19 has led to one of the worlds’ economic challenges of the 21^st century and according to International labor Organization, 114 million jobs were lost in 2020, which, in combination with working-hour reductions within employment, resulted in working-hour losses approximately four times as high as during the financial crisis in 2009. The International Labour Organization estimates that the working hours lost in 2020 (compared to pre-pandemic levels) were equivalent to 255 million full-time jobs, leading to $3.7 trillion in lost labor income, this level of challenges in the global community therefore has inspired the researcher to carry out the study in the local community of Nakawa Division.

COVID-19 has also affected the people way of life and as result people are no longer advised to go the bars and parties this has therefore made it worth carrying out this study.

COVID-19 has led to many deaths both in Uganda and globally as this is one of the reasons why it is imperative to carry out the study.

1.7 significance of the study

The study will provide information regarding the role of self-management in minimizing the spread of COVID-19 in the community.

The study will provide information to the Government on the influence of self-motivation in minimizing the spread of COVID-19.

The study will also enable the future academicians find information regarding the roles of Putting on a mask, washing Hands on minimizing the spread of COVID-19.

The study will also provide necessary information regarding the influence of culture on minimizing the spread of COVID-19.

CHAPTER TWO

LITEATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This section presents discussion to the study topic in line with the view of other scholars.

2.1 The role of self-management among community members in minimizing the spread of COVID-19

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is need to advocate and support healthcare professionals to continue promoting mental health care and healthy lifestyles, the Individuals who live a healthy life styles have been found to be able to minimize the risks of spread of COVID-19.

Health professional have encouraged physical exercise, daily walks, and access to family-friendly community spaces, while maintaining social distancing measures. The promotion of healthy eating is to be emphasized, considering the reduction in energy expenditure and physical activity that has occurred due to confinement. At the same time, warning the population not to overdo physical activity is also essential. As for the management of chronic diseases, we must urgently ensure that patient contact is not lost. This can be achieved by promoting the use of remote consultations and seeking additional strategies to accompany patients in their care, such as family involvement (da Silveira et al., 2021).

Epidemiological data has shown that older patients with chronic conditions are at high risk of severe and critical illness from COVID-19, resulting in high mortality (Ying yang, 2020). Therefore, it is even more important to highlight the need for effective communication with patients while providing adequate self-management support, including advice on self-monitoring and early detection of worsening symptoms, as well as establishing point of contact for any health need. These measures could contribute to reducing exacerbations, avoidable hospitalizations, and associated healthcare costs (Khoramipour et al., 2021). This will be also important during post-confinement periods to avoid symptoms of post-traumatic stress and the progression of the severity of chronic diseases (Ismail et al.,  2021).

The is substantial evidence from hundreds of systematic reviews supporting the effectiveness of different types of remote interventions for several types of outcomes. Many of these describe positive results in short-term interventions that can be of value in the context of COVID-19 (Prostep, 2015).

2.2 Roles of Putting on a mask, washing Hands among community members on minimizing the spread of COVID-19

Masks and face coverings can prevent the wearer from transmitting the COVID-19 virus to others and may provide some protection to the wearer. Multiple studies have shown that face coverings can contain droplets expelled from the wearer, which are responsible for the majority of transmission of the virus. This therefore indicates that using masks protects both the wearer of the mask and the community members from, preventing the virus from spreading to the community members (Cohen, 2021).

Many people with COVID-19 are unaware they are carrying the virus. It is estimated that 40% of people with COVID-19 are asymptomatic but potentially able to transmit the virus to others. In the absence widespread screening tests, we have no way of identifying many people who are silently transmitting the virus in their community (Ita, 2021).

Universal mask use can significantly reduce virus transmission in the community by preventing anyone, including those who are unwittingly carrying the virus, from transmitting it to others. Disease Modelling suggests masks worn by significant portions of the population, coupled with other measures, could result in substantial reductions in case numbers and deaths (Mudenda et al., 2021).

Wearing a mask isn’t a restriction of our freedom. Rather, it helps us to regain freedom by reducing virus transmission in a community and making every interaction safer. Freedom for people to go to work, attend school, interact with others, and most importantly freedom from illness and fear. The best solution for the pandemic is a safe and effective vaccine, and the biopharmaceutical industry is working closely with governments, regulators, the scientific community and non-governmental organizations to develop vaccines at unprecedented speed (Wright et al., 2021.).

The important value of private pharmacies was further highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. However, pharmacies were unable to fulfil their classic role in healthcare as a source of medication, as pharmaceutical measures such as a COVID-19 vaccines and antiviral medicines were not available at time of writing and will not be widely available for a long time. In the current absence of medical treatment and vaccination, the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic can only be brought under control by significant, rapid and widespread behavioral changes and of which watching hands with soap water has been observed as having the ability to reduce the spread of CORONA Virus in the community.

2.2 Influence of culture of the community on minimizing the spread of COVID-19

The spread of COVID-19 has left countries hit by the pandemic little choice but to shut down their economies. To “flatten the curve” ad preserve hospital viability, many countries have imposed lockdowns and strict forms of social distancing. Additionally, they have launched vast media campaigns aimed at alerting citizens about the risk of contracting the virus, but also to persuade them to consider the negative impact of their own mobility on others in the case of being asymptomatic carriers (Greenstone and Nigam, 2020; Stock, 2020).

Isolating the effect of culture is difficult due to potential local confounding factors that may also have an independent effect on compliance and mobility. To tackle this, we control for cantonal demographic, health, and socio-economic characteristics prior to the pandemic and interact them with time dummies to address their effect on the evolution of mobility patterns beyond that of culture. Public health is an inter-disciplinary field which is informed by academic research in medical, educational, economic, political and cultural areas and therefore culture has to be added in the fight against COVID-19 because people respect their culture.

It is critical that medical services, epidemic specializations and community awareness efforts work together in understanding the epidemiologic triangle. This need is especially urgent in times of rising threats, such as infectious diseases, that deeply affect lifestyles and threaten human survival. Combining comprehensive risk management, all-hazards, multisectoral and multidisciplinary approaches can establish trust based on cooperation and effective communicative systems that empower community awareness. With people-centered communal engagement, we can allocate and make efficient use of local resources in carrying out the risk assessments and establishing community resilience (Out et al., 2020).

Without vaccines or effective drugs, measures based on biological safety, such as quarantine, sanitation, and sterilization, are the prevention strategies currently available. Preparedness towards any form of disasters is vital to reduce their impact. As the global situation related to COVID-19 is changing rapidly each day, ‘Community Based Disaster Preparedness’ (CBDP) is perhaps the method of management. CBDP is a response mechanism in an attempt to save the maximum and effective community triage (Troy et al., 2008).

The World Health Organization has standard protocols during periods of epidemics and pandemics which work the best in accordance with the set rules of any country, but the focus remains that for a long period of time various administrative agencies have not implemented or modified the strategies to suit the crisis needs (Melnychuk and Kenny, 2006).

2.4 Justification of choice of selection

The study has chosen the research questions of self-management in minimizing the spread of COVID-19, since the key practices of controlling the spread of COVID-19 are individual based like staying at home and avoiding unnecessary movement all these are key in minimizing the spread of COVID-19 and therefore it is imperative to analyze how self-management is imperative in management the spread of COVID-19.

The researcher also chose to use the research question of  the roles of Putting on a mask, washing Hands on minimizing the spread of COVID-19, this research question was imperative in understanding how putting on masks is imperative in controlling the spread of COVID-19.

The study was also imperative in analyzing how the cultural practices like hugging, hand shaking contribute towards the spread of COVID-19. The WHO,2021) Indicates that the cultural practices of handshaking, gathering together , kissing, hugging , generally any personal contact were risk factors leading to the spread of COVID-19.

2.5 Summary

The study has been based on the fact that some of the practices of self-management is imperative in the fight against COVID-19. Since COVID-19 calls for self-responsibility, if each person is responsible enough therefore the whole community will be healed and the battle against COVID will be warned.

The study also analyzed the fact that putting on mask by the community members is imperative in the fight against Community members if the community members are aware of the benefits of putting on masks it is therefore imperative in management in the COVID-19 pandemic.

The study also analyzed that the cultural practices of the community members has to evolve in order to fight against COVID-19 when the culture if the community members evolves are they stop key practices like Handshakes, hugging and kissing and gathering in groups the fight against COVID-9 will be warn by the residents of Nakawa Division, Kampala.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

The study passed through the following steps in collecting the date for the study.

First phase

I designed the Interviews for Adult community members, adults and children in Nakawa Division, specifically in areas of Banda, Mutungo and Kyanja.

After designing the data collection tools the Local leaders and few residents were informed, of the study which was to be carried.

The local leaders were informed and the village chairpersons were given letters informing them of the study that was to be carried out.

After receiving the consent letters from local council chairpersons the interviews were carried out by the key local leaders and residents.

After receiving their views regarding the topic under the study , it was letter analyzed and presented in the study.

3.1 Data collection methods

The study will adopt a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data will be collected using interview guides and observation guides.

3.1.1 Interviews

According to Ahuja (2009), an interview is a two-person conversation initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research-related information. It focuses on the content specified by the research objectives, description and explanation. An interview guide, which is referred to as a set of questions for which answers, will be used by a researcher to interview respondents. The use of this tool gives the researcher control over the line of questioning hence time saving.  The purpose of the interview explained, including reassuring respondents of confidentiality of the information provided.

3.1.2 Observation guides

Observation checklist will be used to collect more in-depth data on the topic under investigation. The checklist will be used to provide in-depth qualitative information which may not be possible to collect with the interview and give the researcher to observe what is on the ground and make good conclusions.

3.2 Data analysis methods

In order to ascertain the accuracy, consistency, uniformity, proper arrangement and completion of the data, the researcher will use the computer for data entry, editing and data coding. The computer will be used because it increases the speed of computation and data processing and handles huge volumes of data, which is not possible manually. It facilitates copying, editing, saving and retrieving the data easier and validation, checking and correction of data.

3.3 Validity and reliability

3.3.1 Reliability

According Bruton (2000), reliability is established by testing the instruments for the reliability of values (Cronbatch, 1946) and analysis for Alpha values for each variable under study. Sekaran (2001), notes that Alpha values for each variable under study should not be less than 0.6 for the statements in the instruments to be deemed reliable. To ensure that all variables are subjected to this test, the researcher will use the internal consistency method that provides a unique estimate of reliability for the given test administrations. The most popular internal consistency reliability estimate has been given by Cronbach’s Alpha.

3.3.2 Validity of the questionnaire

After developing the Interview guide, the researcher will contact the supervisor to ensure that the tools to collect the required data is valid. Hence, the researcher will ensure validity of the instruments by using expert judgment method suggested by Gay (1996). Thereafter, research instruments will be refined based on expert advice. The following formula will be used to test the validity index.   CVI= No. of items regarded relevant by judges ,  Total No. of items judged, CVI = Content Validity Index.

3.4 Ethical consideration

Ethical considerations will be taken care of by, first seeking authorization from the Uganda Martys University administration and other relevant authorities.

Further, responses will be optional and respondents will not be given any inducements to participate in the study. Ethical considerations will be taken care of by the researcher by briefing the respondents on the purpose of the research, their relevance in the research process, and expectations from them as explained by Lloyd Bevan (2009).

Informed consent will be ascertained from informants/respondents. They will be promised confidentiality about the information they provide. The researcher will explain to the respondents the purpose of the study as purely academic and that the information obtained will be treated with utmost confidentiality. If anybody other than the University authority is to have access the information, the researcher would first seek the consent of the respondents.

CHAPTER FOUR

DISCUSSION AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

4.0 Introduction of the study

This section presents the findings and the study results of the study;

4.1 Presentation and discussion of findings

4.1.2 Presentation of results from observation

People are using the mask;

It has also been observed that most of the people of Banda area are not using the mask. During the observation. Many people take the mask for granted as it was observed that the mask was expensive for the poor people in Banda. The face masks despite their several advantages as far as control of corona they are still not highly embraced by the people of banda since some in banda during the interview also stated that it affects their breathing levels and as such they preferred not to put it on.

People are keeping social distance;

During observation it was revealed that the people of Banda were not keeping social distance due to the fact the there was still cultural practices like Imbalu of the bagisu carried out despite the tight restricts enforced by the government.

In markets in Banda most of the people observed were not keeping social distance as recommended by the ministry of Health this is likely to frustrate the fight against COVID-119 by the people of Banda as during the study the researcher observed that people were still hugging in public and even in supermarket people were not strictly keeping a social distance.

Washing hands with soap

During the observation most of the adults were observed  washing their hands with soap and water as they enter into restaurants and when they leave the shop however to a large extend the people especially the young people were not washing hands and some of them needed to be forced to wash hands.

Visiting of the crowded places

The members of Banda community have also remained adamant in visiting crowded places as observed during the study. The members were observed drinking local beer “Ajono” this was observed as the main challenges in fighting against COVID-19 since the members are observed to continue with congregating in the groups while drinking local Beer.It was further observed that the even young people are still attending video halls something leads to the spread of COVID-19 this has a lot of influence on the spread of COVID-19. It was also further observed that the people with video halls operate undercover and this is observed as one of the factors that many factors that may make it difficult to fight COVID-19 in Banda.

Facilities for watching hands

On findings out regarding if most of the business have washing utensils, very few Business people were observed to have washing utensils and this is therefore observed as a major hindrance towards the fight against COVID-19. This was observed as very critical if the people of Banda community are to fight against COVID-19.

The time for curfew is observed by most adults

It was observed that despite the curfew time being fixed by the government it was observed that during the curfew time fixed most women in Banda selling chips and restaurant want to operate beyond curfew time and this to a large extend makes it difficult in the fight against COVID-19.

People are cautious when meeting others

It was observed that most of the people were not cautious when meeting other people since the people were observed hugging. This is because one of the many ways of preventing COVID-19 is to ensure that people avoid mixing with people who are not part of their house hold.

Restaurants No longer attract large numbers of people;

During observation it was observed that many people still visit restaurant and in many restaurants in Banda it was observed that there were many people especially in lunch.

However n most of the restaurants observed in Banda people who enter were not putting on mask and this is one of the challenges against to fighting COVID-19.

People don’t shake hands with strangers

It was further observed that people in Banda were shaking hands with strangers since this is a cultural custom for many communities in Uganda. This also undermines the coronavirus fight and therefore the effort by government may not be realized. In one of the areas of Banda market in the local bar which is operating against the presidential directive people were observed even hugging and kissing. This are some of the factors that are likely to make Banda have challenges as far coronavirus is concerned. Social events; it was observed that some specific social events like drinking in bars still take place in Banda

Conclusion

It has been observed conclusively that the people of Banda do not have appropriate knowledge on the dangers of COVID-19 this has been observed by the fact that in some of the ministry recommended key measures like putting on face masks some people are still hesitant to put on the mask and this therefore indicates that people of Banda still need to be properly educated on the dangers of COVID-19.

Since some of the youths indicated that they didn’t like putting on face masks yet this is one of the recommended ways by the ministry of Health in eliminating COVID-19 therefore this indicates that people still need to be told on the best ways of eliminating COVID-19.

Many people were hesitant to wash their hands with soap and water and this was observed by the fact that when the people were entering the shops which hard hand washing facilities people didn’t wash their hands.

Curfew time was not very well observed in Banda as most of the Business women were still operating their Business even after the time fixed had elapsed. This also further points to the fact that most of the people were still ignorant of them dangers of COVID-19 and how it is spread since they could not appreciate the policy guidelines.

People were still engaged in meeting with others especially strangers, this therefore indicates that majority of the people in Banda are still not cautious while meeting strangers something that puts the lives of the people at risk.

The lack of knowledge of the people on the different ways of preventing COVID-19 was observed by the fact that many people were still visiting pubs and disguising as restaurants. Most bars in Banda were operating as restaurants.

It was further observed that people in Banda were shaking hands with strangers since this is a cultural custom for many communities in Uganda. This also undermines the coronavirus fight and therefore the effort by government may not be realized.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Description of innovation and Intervention

Steps undertaken

People having poor attitude of putting on mask; in the study it was observed that most of the people were against putting on mask yet this one of the most recommended ways of Fighting against COVID-19. In order to solve this challenge, I will ensure that I move home to train people on the benefits of putting on mask so that people develop positive attitude towards putting on mask.

Together with local council chairperson we trained the local people on the ways of washing the Hands with soap and water and also encouraged the people to wash their hands regularly with soap and water as this is one of the S.O.Ps that has been recommended by the World Health organization and the Ministry of Health.

Social distancing; I will use the loud speakers on Informing the local people of Banda on the need to keep a social distance between one person and another. This will also be accompanied with the music. In order to ensure that this is achieved I will write a letter to the police authorities and inform them of my Intentions to use loud speakers on Informing the local residents of Banda on the need to keep social distance so as to win the battle against COVID-19.

Training people on the way of greeting rather than shaking hands, the people will be trained on adopting the Japanese style of greeting people rather than shaking Hands.

There is need to encourage the local council leaders since they have personal connections with the locals and this will ensure that they appreciate the government recommendations as far maintaining the standard operating procedures are concerned.

STEP BY STEP PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTATION

5.2 Data collection methods

The study will use the Interview method to Interview the local leaders on the progress and success of the Training being offered. This will enable the better understanding of the project success and analysis of the situation on the ground. The response from the local leaders will enable in the knowing whether the research questions have been answered and the training has been adhered to by the local residents of Banda.

The researcher will also use the observation method in analyzing the different methods used in the analysis of the study. During observation the researcher will be able to observe if people are observing the standard operating procedure.

The following are some of the key ways how the data will be analyzed to monitor the progress of Intervention

Table showing the activities analyzing data in monitoring the progress of the project

REFERENCES

Aldila, D., Khoshnaw, S.H., Safitri, E., Anwar, Y.R., Bakry, A.R., Samiadji, B.M., Anugerah, D.A., Gh, M.F.A., Ayulani, I.D. and Salim, S.N., 2020. A mathematical study on the spread of COVID-19 considering social distancing and rapid assessment: The case of Jakarta, Indonesia. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 139, p.110042.

Aldila, D., Ndii, M.Z. and Samiadji, B.M., 2020. Optimal control on COVID-19 eradication program in Indonesia under the effect of community awareness. Math. Biosci. Eng, 17(6), pp.6355-6389.

Antonia, S.J., López-Martin, J.A., Bendell, J., Ott, P.A., Taylor, M., Eder, J.P., Jäger, D., Pietanza, M.C., Le, D.T., de Braud, F. and Morse, M.A., 2016. Nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab in recurrent small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 17(7), pp.883-895.

Bhaskar, S., Bradley, S., Israeli-Korn, S., Menon, B., Chattu, V.K., Thomas, P., Chawla, J., Kumar, R., Prandi, P., Ray, D. and Golla, S., 2020. Chronic neurology in COVID-19 era: clinical considerations and recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium. Frontiers in neurology, 11, p.664.

Chathappady House, N. N., Palissery, S., & Sebastian, H. (2021). Corona Viruses: A Review on SARS, MERS and COVID-19. Microbiology Insights, 14, 11786361211002481.

Chathappady House, N.N., Palissery, S. and Sebastian, H., 2021. Corona Viruses: A Review on SARS, MERS and COVID-19. Microbiology Insights, 14, p.11786361211002481.

Chughtai, M.F.J., Tanweer, S., Ahsan, S., Mehmood, T., Liaqat, A., Khaliq, A., Zahoor, T., Nadeem, M., Khalid, N., Zainab, S. and Junaid-ur-Rahman, S., 2021. Food and immunity: a pragmatic approach to mitigate corona viruses attack. Nutrition & Food Science.

Coerdt, K. M., & Khachemoune, A. (2021). Corona viruses: reaching far beyond the common cold. African Health Sciences, 21(1), 207-13.

Cohen, S., 2021. Psychosocial vulnerabilities to upper respiratory infectious illness: Implications for susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(1), pp.161-174.

da Silveira, M.P., da Silva Fagundes, K.K., Bizuti, M.R., Starck, É., Rossi, R.C. and e Silva, D.T.D.R., 2021. Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature. Clinical and experimental medicine, 21(1), pp.15-28.

Glaunsinger, B., 2020. Corona viruses 101: Focus on Molecular Virology. Palestra em vídeo disponível em:< innovativegenomics. org/multimedia-library/coronaviruses-101>. Acesso em, 30.

Greenstone, M. and Nigam, V., 2020. Does social distancing matter?. University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper, (2020-26).

Gupta, A., Madhavan, M.V., Sehgal, K., Nair, N., Mahajan, S., Sehrawat, T.S., Bikdeli, B., Ahluwalia, N., Ausiello, J.C., Wan, E.Y. and Freedberg, D.E., 2020. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature medicine, 26(7), pp.1017-1032.

Ismail, L.C., Osaili, T.M., Mohamad, M.N., Al Marzouqi, A., Jarrar, A.H., Zampelas, A., Habib-Mourad, C., Jamous, D.O.A., Ali, H.I., Al Sabbah, H. and Hasan, H., 2021. Assessment of eating habits and lifestyle during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic in the Middle East and North Africa region: a cross-sectional study. British Journal of Nutrition, 126(5), pp.757-766.

Ita, Kevin. “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Current status and prospects for drug and vaccine development.” Archives of medical research 52, no. 1 (2021): 15-24.

Khoramipour, K., Basereh, A., Hekmatikar, A.A., Castell, L., Ruhee, R.T. and Suzuki, K., 2021. Physical activity and nutrition guidelines to help with the fight against COVID-19. Journal of sports sciences, 39(1), pp.101-107.

MacPhail, V.J., Gibson, S.D. and Colla, S.R., 2020. Community science participants gain environmental awareness and contribute high quality data but improvements are needed: insights from Bumble Bee Watch. PeerJ, 8, p.e9141.

Mudenda, S., Mukosha, M., Mwila, C., Saleem, Z., Kalungia, A.C., Munkombwe, D., Daka, V., Witika, B.A., Kampamba, M., Hikaambo, C.N.A. and Sadiq, M.J., 2021. Impact of the coronavirus disease on the mental health and physical activity of pharmacy students at the University of Zambia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 10(4), p.324.

Otu, A., Ebenso, B., Labonte, R. and Yaya, S., 2020. Tackling COVID-19: can the African continent play the long game?. Journal of global health, 10(1).

Prandi, C., Monti, L., Ceccarini, C. and Salomoni, P., 2020. Smart campus: Fostering the community awareness through an intelligent environment. Mobile Networks and Applications, 25(3), pp.945-952.

Stjepandić, J., Wognum, N. and Verhagen, W.J., 2015. Concurrent engineering in the 21st century. Concurrent Engineering in the 21st Century: Foundations, Developments and Challenges. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-13776-6.

Wright, Laura J., Sarah E. Williams, and Jet JCS Veldhuijzen van Zanten. “Physical Activity Protects Against the Negative Impact of Coronavirus Fear on Adolescent Mental Health and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Frontiers in psychology 12 (2021): 737.

APPENDIX

INTERVIEW GUIDE

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY ADULTS

1. What has been the attitude of the people towards the use of face masks?
2. In what ways do the people view washing hands with the soap and water as a preventive measure of COVID-19?
3. Please can u tell me the reaction of the people towards the curfew time?
4. Do the community members accept to social distance?
5. Explain the cultural aspects that have hindered social distancing by the members in the community?
6. How have people viewed the stay home policy?
7. Comment on the frequency of holding parties in this area?
8. What has been some of the obstacles of enforcing the S.O.Ps in this area in the fight against COVID-19?

Thank you for your time

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE CHILDREN

1. Do you like washing your hands after coming back from the shops?
2. Why do you wash your hands or not after visiting the shops?
3. In what ways do the people view washing hands with the soap and water as a preventive measure of COVID-19?
4. Do you like playing with the children from the neighbourhood?
5. How often do you visit the neighbours?
6. How do you see putting on a face mask?
7. How often do you stay at home without moving to the neighborhood?
8. Have you been having birthday parties at home?
9. When you move out do you maintain a big distance with others?
10. How do you view maintaining a distance from others?

Thank you for your time

OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOR ADULTS IN KIREKA

MORNING TIME BY 11:00 AM

EVENING TIME OBSERVATION CHECKLIST –KIREKA

OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOR CHILDREN KIREKA

EVENING HOUR’S OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOR CHILDREN

MORING HOURS OBSERVATION GUIDE IN BANDA

FOR ADULTS

EVENING OBSERVATION GUIDE FOR ADULTS

OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOR CHILDREN KIREKA

Observation checklist for children in the evening in Kireka

CHAPTER FOUR

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY ADULTS

1. What has been the attitude of the people towards the use of face masks?
2. In what ways do the people view washing hands with the soap and water as a preventive measure of COVID-19?
3. Please can u tell me the reaction of the people towards the curfew time?
4. Do the community members accept to social distance?
5. Explain the cultural aspects that have hindered social distancing by the members in the community?
6. How have people viewed the stay home policy?
7. Comment on the frequency of holding parties in this area?
8. What has been some of the obstacles of enforcing the S.O.Ps in this area in the fight against COVID-19?

OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOR ADULTS IN KIREKA

MORNING TIME BY 11:00 AM

BUDGET