CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the method that will be used in conducting the study. It describes research methodology, the area of study, the study population and sampling design, sources of data, data collection, data collection procedure and instruments, data analysis tools and limitations to the study.

3.1 Study Design

This study adopted a survey research design. A survey research design is a process of collecting information from a sample of people who have been selected to represent a defined target population. In survey research design, a researcher will collect information that describes, explores, and quantifies social phenomena, particularly issues, conditions and problems that are prevalent in the society at a particular point in time (Mugenda &Mugenda, 2012; Cooper & Schindler, 2011).

This study will adopt a survey design because it is easy and convenient to be conducted through interviews or questionnaire instruments, or both. In this study, both instruments, i.e. self-administered interview guides and questionnaires will be employed as appropriate. The approaches that will be adopted by the researcher include both quantitative and qualitative approaches as explained below; Quantitative Research Approach, this approach usually involves the collecting and converting of data into numerical form so that the statistical calculations can be made on it the reason for use of this approach is that quantitative research will help the researcher to gather information using constructed questionnaires with both closed and open ended questions which help in understanding a number of phenomena such as generalization prediction, impact on respondents, behaviors, performance and therefore quality data.

Qualitative Research Approach, this approach is associated with recording, analyzing and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and significance of human behavior and experience, including contradictory beliefs, behaviors’ and emotions. Qualitative design will help in gathering and evaluating data on respondent’s preference, interpretation, attitude, opinions and behaviors.

3.2 Study Population

This study will target a total of 45 respondents from UNHCR. This is because all these categories of respondents are believed to be knowledgeable about the extent to which workload affects employee performance. The study will specifically include the employees from different department specifically record managers, secretaries, administrators and other human resource staff.

3.3 Sample Size, Techniques and Selection

3.3.1 Sample size

Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), argue that it is impossible to study the whole targeted population and therefore the researcher shall take a sample of the population. A sample is a subset of the population that comprises members selected from the population. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table for sample size determination approach, a sample size of 45 employees was selected from the total population of 39 employees.

Table 1: Population, Sample size and Sampling technique

3.3.2 Sampling techniques

Random sampling and purposive sampling techniques will be employed; Random sampling technique is a process of selecting a sample that allows all members of the group or population to have an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample. Purposive sampling technique refers to a process whereby the researcher selects a sample based on experience or knowledge of the group to be sampled.

 Purposive Sampling 

The reason for using this method will be to attain specific information aimed at by the researcher that may not be acquired through random sampling. This technique regards which item should be included or excluded in the sample rest basing on the researcher’s judgment and intuition. According Kothari (2010), purposive technique enables the researcher choose resonates basing on the fact that they have desirable characteristics and variables related to the issue being studied.. It also ensures only people with relevant information will be sampled. This technique will be used to select senior management employees of UNHCR.

Purposive sampling method will be employed in investigating respondents among the accounting staff, managers, division heads, and regional heads implying that specific target respondents will be selected because they have specific knowledge and skills in the above topic. However, simple random sampling will also be used in selecting other staff especially the staff members and other blue cola staff. Using simple random sampling technique the respondents will be selected randomly without bias and this will be give equal chances to all the respondents.

Random sampling

The main reason for using this method is to avoid bias towards information acquisition especially among the lower staff, operational managers and supervisors among others.

This technique has the property that every possible combination of the objects in the population studied has an equal chance of being selected (Nduguru 2010). In this case, the researcher will include everyone in the study considering that all respondents have common observable characteristics.

3.5 Data Collection Methods and Sources

Data collection methods are an integral part of research design which involves selection of both qualitative and quantitative data (Amin, 2005). The study will employ both primary and secondary data collection approaches.

3.5.1 Secondary data Collection

Roston, (2001) defines secondary data as the data that is available, already reported by some other scholars. Secondary data will include policy documents and abstracts of the various scholars relating to the topic of discussion in question. Secondary data for this study will be got from sources like libraries, archived records of compliance practice and related organizations. This is because it might be readily available and easier to comprehend, as it comprises of extensively researched work.

3.5.2 Primary Data collection

According to Roston, (2001), primary data is that kind of data that has been gathered for the first time, it has never been reported anywhere. Short comings of secondary data sources such as out datedness and inadequacy in terms of coverage, will necessitate the use of primary sources for first hand data. Self-administered questionnaire will be used and this will enable the researcher to cover a large population quickly and at a reasonable cost.

3.6 Data Collection Instrument

3.6.1 Structured Questionnaire

The questionnaire will be used on the basis that the variables under study cannot be observed for instance the views, opinions, perceptions and feelings of the respondents. The questionnaires will be equally used because the information will be collected from a large sample in a short period of time because most respondents can read and write (Sekaran, 2003). Personally administered questionnaires will be used to draw information regarding compliance practice. The questionnaires will be open and closed ended with a likert scale on five anchors. The researcher will choose the questionnaire as an instrument because the study will be virtually descriptive and the tool is an easy method of data collection. Respondents respond honestly because of anonymity. It’s also time saving and cost effective.

3.6.2    Interview Guide

Qualitative data will be collected from the informants using interviews. The interview guide will be structured. The interviews will be held with administrators and take approximately thirty to sixty minutes. These are noted to be the best tools for getting first hand information /views, perceptions, feelings and attitudes of respondents. Both formal and informal interviews will be used to get maximum information from the different respondents to participate in the research.

3.6.3    Documentary Analysis Checklist

This instrument will contain a list of documents that will be reviewed to obtain the necessary secondary data in revere to the study objectives, questions and hypothesis.

This method will enable the researcher to obtain secondary information on the Workload and employee performance by carefully studying written documents and visual information which will include official correspondents, text books, news papers or articles, it will be a critical examination of the study related to the issue under investigation. This will be used to triangulate the data collected using questionnaire and interviews. Documents like the correspondence between the different documents.

3.6.4    Observation check list

Observation check list will be used in assessing analyzing the workload and employee performance.

3.7 Data validity and reliability

3.7.1 Validity

Data analysis in this study will focus on data validity and reliability. To establish the validity of the questions, pre-testing will be done amongst the selected categories of respondents. Their comments will be incorporated in the final instruments to suit the data requirement of the study. The final amended research instruments will be reviewed jointly by the researcher and the supervisor.

3.7.2 Reliability

Reliability will be checked using the test –retest practice advocated for by Amin (2005). In other words, the questions will be put to course mates and their comments noted, they will then be presented to the respondents and their views will be compared with those of the course mates. On receipt of the questionnaires, manual editing will be done, followed by coding. Frequency count of different variables will be done and this will give the number of occurrences and percentages out of total occurrences.

3.8 Data collection Procedure

The researcher after designing and pre-testing data collection tools will obtain a letter from Kyambogo University introducing him to the authorities of UNHCR.

Upon being allowed she will contact some respondents to build rapport with them and make appointments. Then she will be back on an appointed date and administer questionnaires assisted by a research assistant.

Then questionnaires will be filled and collected, while those that will not complete will be collected later as agreed with respondents. During the time of administering questionnaires, the researcher will also contact key informants and make appointments with them for an interview.

 3.9 Research Variables and their Measurements

The variable of the study will be measured on a five point Likert scale ranging from 1- strongly disagrees to 4-Strongly agree. The choice of this measurement will be that each point on the scale carries a numerical score which will be used to measure the opinions of respondents and it will be the most frequently used and summated scale in the study of business and social attitude.

3.10 Data Processing and Analysis

After receiving the filled questionnaires from the field, a data entry capture template will be designed in Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), which will be used for data entry. For exploratory factor analysis, frequency distributions, percentages and cross tabulations will be ran to summarize the respondent’s views on the questions under study.

3.10.1 Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative data, such as findings out of interviews of respondents, will be put into meaningful and exhaustive categories. Content analysis will be the main method of analyzing the data collected (Miles & Huberman, 2004). The Data will be classified into categorical variables. Therefore, data will be analyzed thematically. In using this form of analysis, major themes will be identified and classified. The researcher will examine the collected and identified information that will be relevant to the research questions and objectives, (Mbabazi, 2008).

3.11 Limitations of the study

The research may be hampered by the following challenges.

Non responses

The researcher will also experience a problem of non-response from respondents who will be given the questionnaires to fill. However, the researcher will assure the respondents that any information given will be treated with maximum confidentiality.

Cost

The researcher will experience a problem of limited finances with respect to this study. Costs regarding this limitation included transport, printing and photocopying of relevant materials. However, the researcher has to borrow some money from relatives, friends and use it sparingly so as to overcome the cost constraint.

Time

The researcher will experience time constraint in data collection, analyzing of data and in final presentation of the report. However, the researcher will overcome this problem by ensuring that the time element was put into consideration and that all appointments agreed upon with respondents shall be fully met.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION

OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the results in reference to objectives in chapter one. Category of respondents, Gender of    respondents, Age of respondents, education level of respondents, To examine the different challenges of Humanitarian supply network, to investigate the various ways of improving the performance of Humanitarian supply network and to assess the factors that affect humanitarian supply network.

.

4.1Findings on educational level of respondents

Table 2: showing educational level of respondents

Source: primary data

The results in the study indicates that 59% of the respondents were the results in the study indicates that 59% of the respondents were degree holders, this findings indicates that most of the respondents in the study had good understanding of the subject topic only few respondents in the study had other qualifications and 15% of the respondents had diploma qualifications.

4.2 Duration of employment

Table 3: Showing Duration of employment of respondents

Source: primary data

The results in the table indicates that 35% of the respondents in the study had stayed for 3-5 years in the UNHCR this indicates that these respondents had good experience regarding the operation of the organizations however only 15% had stayed for a period of less than 2 years.

4.4   Challenges of Humanitarian supply network.

Table 4:  Shows the Challenges of Humanitarian supply network .

Source: Primary Data

Table above reveals that humanitarian supply network can be achieved by The costs of designing the supply network is high this is supported by the strong percentage of 47% strongly agreeing, while 35% agreed and 10% disagreed while the remaining percentage of respondents strongly disagreed.

The table indicates that majority 49% of the respondents strongly and agreed that for an organization to fully develop its Humanitarian supply network it should control its price volatility of goods in the market affects while none of the respondents, 28% also agreed while 10% disagreed and 3% strongly disagreed.

According to table above, 47% of the respondents strongly agreed that Outsourcing rules in the country are one of the challenges facing the Humanitarian supply network, while 25% of the respondents agreed while 15% of the respondents where not sure.

According to researchers’ findings, 54% of the respondents strongly agreed that Cultural influence in the country is responsible is one of the main challenges facing humanitarian supply network. While 38% agreed the rest of respondents disagreed this therefore shows that cultural differences is one of the main challenges facing humanitarian supply network.

According to the table 54% of the respondents strongly agreed that Monitoring of the supplier performance in the organizations is one of the main challenges facing humanitarian supply network while 23% agreed and the remaining percentage disagreed.

The results indicates that majority of the respondents 49% agreed that Short product life is one of the main challenges facing Humanitarian supply network.

4.5 Various ways of improving the performance of Humanitarian supply network.

Table 5:  Shows the various ways of improving the performance of Humanitarian supply network.

Table above reveals that Adoption of new technologies to ensure proper monitoring of the transit of goods is essential in ensuring the better performance of Humanitarian supply network, this is supported by the strong percentage of 52% strongly agreeing, while 35% agreed only 2.5% of the respondents were not sure and the remaining percentage of 5% strongly disagreed and disagreed.

The table indicates that majority 54% of the respondents strongly and that for an organization to fully develop its humanitarian supply network it has to establish strategic relationships with the suppliers was not sure while the remaining percentage of 15% disagreed

According to table above, 47% of the respondents strongly agreed that Sharing of ideas with the suppliers in the design process of the products is one of the various ways of improving performance of Humanitarian supply network, 30% agreed and 15% were not sure.

According to researchers’ findings, 54% of the respondents strongly agreed that Recognition of suppliers’ performance is one of the various ways of improving the performance of a supply network. . While 38% agreed the rest of respondents disagreed this therefore shows that recognition of suppliers is essential in improving the performance of a supply network.

According to the table 54% of the respondents strongly agreed that creation of long term relationships with the suppliers while 23% agreed and the remaining percentage disagreed this therefore shows that most respondents assert that creation of long-term contracts is essential in improving the performance of a supply network.

4.6 Factors that affect humanitarian supply network

Table 6:  Shows the factors that affect humanitarian supply network

Source : primary data

Table above reveals that Humanitarian supply network Management of the quality of the products in the supply chain, this is supported by the strong percentage of 57% strongly agreeing, while 30% agreed only 7.6% of the respondents were not sure and the remaining percentage of 5% strongly disagreed and disagreed.

The table indicates that majority 79% of the respondents hold the view that Meeting of the rules of the country regarding purchasing is one of the factors that affects Humanitarian supply network, 10% agreed and the remaining 10% strongly disagreed and disagreed agreed.

According to table above, 47% of the respondents strongly agreed that Language barrier is one of the main various of improving the performance of a Humanitarian supply network this therefore indicates that an organization has Hire language experts..

According to researchers’ findings, 46% of the respondents strongly agreed that increased Violation of international laws by the suppliers is one of the main factors affecting the performance of Humanitarian supply network.

According to the table 59% of the respondents strongly agreed that Taxation policies of the country are one of the different factors that affect the performance of  while 23% agreed and the remaining percentage disagreed this therefore shows that most organizations developed their suppliers by clearly defining their process.

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introductions

This section presents the discussion, conclusions and recommendations in line to study objectives.

5.1 Discussion of findings

5.1.1 Factors that affect humanitarian supply network.

The results from the secondary data indicate that the management of quality may be difficult in the process because of the complexity of the system in the Humanitarian supply network this is also in line with Paul (2013); noted that some primary aspects of product quality include: performance, reliability and durability. Through the use of a quality management program, the Limited can produce a product that performs according to its stated promises.

The results from the study indicate that manufacturing processes aren’t perfect, so the industry typically accepts a certain quality level for products. Complexity and variability are part of any production process, and unfamiliar sources might not adhere to accepted defect levels. Choosing a none a foreign based sourcing firm can open up questions and disputes about which party is liable for defect percentages that rise above normal this findings is also in line with Cianfrani and, quality management ensures customer satisfaction. Conduct customer satisfaction surveys to understand the qualities of the product important to the customer. Also conduct surveys with those who are not the Limited’s customers. This will also provide insight into why these businesses use the services of the competitor.

According to the findings difference in time zones between countries and continents affects the effectiveness of the global supply chain for example Some U.S. firms experience issues when dealing with companies on the other side of the country in addition to that there is 13-hour time difference between the United States and Asia this results is also in line with West (2013) who indicates that due to long distance there is a challenge in long range logistics, purchasing items at a delivered price is easy, but the shipment can be delayed. Whether it is a factory hold-up or transit problem, ignoring the complexity of long-range logistics can be a risk.

The results in the study shows that opportunity for violation of international law is possible by some companies when they are in global supply chain, it may be difficult for corporations to discover if one of their suppliers is disobeying international for example an organization using child labor may be involved in child labour therefore Companies should consider social compliance every time they look at global sourcing this findings is also in line with (Lysons, 2016) who indicates that in the supply chain the some organizations are using the opportunity to violate the organizations.

The delay involved in global supply chain may affect production process of the organization, this is because the organization may not to receive on-time product delivery, it is vital to have firm completion dates and shipping timeframes. Most of the shipments to other countries delays this tends to have a major effect on the ability of the Humanitarian organizations to achieve their goals and objectives.

The findings from the secondary data indicates that organization may face a challenge of language barrier because of the diversity that exists in the global supply chain network. Since global supply chain involves cross border from one boundary to another and sometimes from one continent from another therefore language becomes a big challenge to different organization this may involve an additional cost to the organization this view is also in line with Lysons & Farrington, (2013) indicates that due to globalization most of the organizations face a challenge in language barrier.

Global partners offer competitive pricing and efficiencies, but still often conduct day-to-day business in a different language. Managers will likely speak English, but their directions must be relayed to line staff, and your own words might be lost in translation. Errors are bound to happen when communications aren’t translated and interpreted perfectly, this findings is also in line with

Poor record management techniques; Records represent a particular and crucial source of information that is reliable, legally verifiable and a source of evidence of decisions and actions taken this is also in line Mampe etal (2012) who indicates that Records represent a particular and crucial source of information that is reliable, legally verifiable and a source of evidence of decisions and actions taken while Bola (2011) and Kimoni (2007) believe that proper record management helps governments to realize and achieve their service delivery goals which include; organization decision making, accountability, requirements of the law, future reference and management of state resources on the same note Popoola (2007) stated that, the problem of records management is not with records and information per sebut with those having interface and interactions with these two vital resources during the service delivery process. The problems of records management can be summarized into inadequate knowledge of the life-cycles of records, inertia in implementing a form of system and information. He further notes that information and records management are the foundation of business activity. If there is no information, the management is crippled in its planning and decision-making processes. Information serves as the factor input in achieving rational organizational decision-making and high quality service delivery. It is needed to develop, deliver and assess the effectiveness of organizational policies, make informed choices between alternative courses of action, provide the basis for openness and accountability, protect individual rights and enforce legal obligations. Lynch (2013) supplements by indicating that there should be a systematic approach to recordkeeping from the beginning of the contracting cycle through to service delivery completion.

The results from secondary data indicates that quality management techniques and cost and time have long been recognized as the major targets of concern by the client and is closely linked to time and cost and vice versa. Accountable project with poor quality can result in extra cost and time extensions, a project with time and cost poorly controlled can affect the conformance to quality requirements this is also in line with Matthew and Michael (2012) who indicates that Quality management systems enable Limited departments to work as a team. Different areas of the Limited become reliant upon one another to produce a quality product that meets and exceeds the customers’ expectations. A quality system incorporates measures that affect sales, finance, operations, customer service and marketing. The balanced scorecard is a one-stop-shop for evaluating how various departments are operating against their performance expectations. Use the balanced scorecard to show how close the Limited is to the financial, operational, customer service and learning/growth targets as suggested by Littlefield.

The results in the study indicates that proper training and widening experience in providing proper services to the customers in a competitive business environment. A successful contract quality assumption system needs an adequate supply of conscientious workers, this results indicates that Gay and Diehl (2010) who indicates that training employees leads to better organizational performance. Training must be a part of the organizations succession planning. In today’s business environment any training which is less than visionary will not help the organization meet its’ future goals and objectives. Training objectives must be supportive of the Limited’s vision and mission. In order to identify training, the employees must be involved. System deficiencies including non-conformance reports, customer complaints and job performance appraisals will highlight the most urgent areas for development. Training programs must be devised and implemented to help bridge the gap identified previously. The results of the training must be evaluated to ensure that effective improvement has been achieved and that employees are competent to use the skills acquired.

Enhancing service delivery systems; service delivery is more than simply meeting specification and that the customer’s point of view is very important because the quality is what the customer says it is and it’s the customer who set the quality and value of service but not company. The author further says that customers consider reliability and ability and service effectiveness as indicators of service delivery this is also in line with Rose (2011) who noted that every organization must be loyal to its Customers, by ensuring the quality of the product and by building a loyal relationship with the Customers. This will in turn bring in more customers, increasing the sales and enhance the branding. Branding is what serves as a great identification to the organization.

5.1.2 Challenges of Humanitarian supply network

The results indicates that taxation policies in different countries affect the ability of an organization to maintain constant supply of the goods in the supply chain this view was also in line with lysons, 2009 who indicates that the level of taxation a given country has an effect on the quantity of trade.

Maintaining of the relationship between suppliers and buyers is the main challenge for the business in terms of getting new business this is also in line with Basheka, (2010) who indicates that relationship between suppliers and relation between organizations is necessary.

The results show that price volatility is one of the main challenges facing the suppliers in the humanitarian supply chain. The prices of manufactured goods keeps on changing between countries since the raw materials are faced with the main challenges this view is also in line with Oluka, 2015) who states that in the integration trade most of the commodities have experienced constant changes in the piece of goods and services this affects the performance of the business.

Limited transparency in the different organizations mainly affects the performance of the supplying organizations especially in humanitarian organization; some of the organization may be lacking the quality standard which is quite mandatory for any supplying organization to the humanitarian.

The findings in the study shows that laws governing the organizations are different from one country to another; these laws affect the performance of the organizations under which the organizations stay in this affects the performance of the different organization this is also in line with Rene Hansen Thembile Phute, Killron Dembe, and Synodia Chikanza (2005) Opportunity, who indicates that laws governing different countries in international trade affect the ability of the humanitarian organization to be in position to perform well.

Outsourcing rules governing different organizations this affects the ability of the humanitarian organization to be in position to perform and achieve the needs of the humanitarian organization this is also in line with Luway & Bowman (2009), civil society organisations, believe that they are activists who are not concerned about monetary gain. Employees of organization are engaged with changing the social status of human kind and empowering them with human rights education so that they make informed decisions and choices. With the current change in the economies and political dispensation of many countries, the cost of living is soaring and the risk associated with human rights activism is now too great so that staff feel the need for market related remuneration. Unfortunately most organizations in developing countries are unable to pay attractive salaries, particularly to local staff. Weakens the financial position of organization, as programmes are abandoned midway and in some instances staff can go without salaries.

Language barrier is one of the main challenges facing the humanitarian supply chain network this affects the performance of the organization in the long run and its ability to quickly achieve the goals of an emergency purchase this view is also in line with Joseph R. Dervaes (2006), who indicates that internal motives emanate from the workplace if an employee feels they are being underpaid, are unfairly treated in an appraisal interview, are given high volumes of work, leading to stress, and an employee perceiving that promotions are based on work politics and not performance.

Product life cycle affects the ability of the Humanitarian organization to be in position to achieve its goals and objectives. This reduces the ability of the humanitarian organization to be in position to provide the most vulnerable population who need the services.

Globalization of the supply network has increased on the costs and the complexity of the network this has increased on the need for the highly qualified and sophisticated workforce which is difficult for humanitarian organization to be in position to acquire.

Communication between the suppliers and the humanitarian organization, some of the organization lack relevant communication infrastructure that could enable the organization to be in position to enable keep track of the humanitarian organization’s purchase needs.

Cost effectiveness of the relevant organizations. Some of the products especially the emergency procurements normally performed by the humanitarian organization is purchased at high expenses because of limited time.

Difference in the cultures across the different countries, some countries especially Europe compared to African have different expectations of the product and performance and therefore the humanitarian organization has to ensure that it conforms to these.

Motivation is another critical element. It includes financial need, challenge, and revenge. When the trusted  employee has a financial need in their life, the motivation factor kicks in to permit the individual to perform an illegal act (Joseph R. Dervaes 2006).  Joseph R. Dervaes (2006) asserts that, the financial need can be either real or perceived. They become desperate and see no other alternative to solve their financial crisis. Sometimes this is the most visible element of change in a person’s life actually observed by fellow employees in the office. But, sometimes the individual commits fraud by exploiting the organization’s computers, accounting systems, and internal controls as a challenge. Breaking the organization’s codes and passwords is perceived as a game. The most dangerous person is one who seeks revenge against the organization. This wayward employee seeks to financially destroy the organization in retaliation for the poor treatment they’ve received in the past.

Limited  time during the purchasing time. Most of the natural calamities are experienced at the time when not expected due to their surprise nature the humanitarian organizations therefore are faced with the challenge of ensuring that they keep up to the nature of the supply needs.

Limited privacy involved in the humanitarian supply network system, since different organization are involved in the humanitarian supply network organizations, This is also in line with Rene Hansen Thembile  Phute , Killron Dembe, and Synodia Chikanza (2005), an employee may come under extreme financial stress, if she or he has health problems or family members are chronically ill. An employee may desire to solve a need or seek to attain a certain lifestyle. Possibly there may be gambling or alcohol-related problems. Unfortunately the manager cannot do much about such motives, but it is important that they are identified. Internal motives emanate from the workplace if an employee feels they are being underpaid, are unfairly treated in an appraisal interview, are given high volumes of work, leading to stress, and an employee perceiving that promotions are based on work politics and not performance. This may lead to fraudulent act

Dominant culture of some countries over others, some countries especially in the western world have more advantage over others this is also in line with Simon Harper & Lora Thompson (2007) assert that though globalization in the humanitarian supply network is essential it has numerous influences on the performance of the organization.

Resistance to organizational change affects the organization in the process of adopting better organizational performance this is also in line with Rene Hansen Thembile Phute, Killron Dembe, and Synodia Chikanza (2005) who noted that during Purchasing. An employee might not disclose a conflict of interest concerning a certain service provider. For example, the employee might award a contract to a relative’s company. This hidden interest is not in the interests of the organization. An employee might receive kickbacks from suppliers in exchange for approval to either order from or make a payment to them, when goods have not been fully supplied or are charged at a higher price. They added that Staff from the donor organization can be bribed by an entity manager, so that during the monitoring process some instances of non compliance are ignored.

The results in the study shows that data aggregation challenges affect the organization in the process of adopting better organizational performance. Technologies and tools are easily integrated can serve as the basis for an enterprise-wide quality management platform, streamlining process and ensuring data integrity as it moves across an organization this is also in line with

Technological change is one of the main challenges facing different Humanitarian organizations. Most of the organizations face challenges in terms of the cost of acquisition of the new technology and acquiring the necessary manpower to manage these different technologies this results is also in line with Crake (2018) who indicates that Humanitarian organizations face numerous challenges in acquiring technological challenges.

Inflexible tools affect the organization in the process of adopting better organizational performance. Tools that provide a customizable methodologies framework help teams drive efficiencies within their own projects the results in the study indicates that Fisher, (2009) who indicates that after identifying promising opportunities, managers must evaluate those items of feasibility, resources and timely requirements and potential return on investment. This goal is to decide whether they are achievable and if so, what the goal should be. Additional criteria used to evaluate opportunities which include willingness and ability of a supplier to implement changes, duration of a product life, strategic importance of the product and its impact on the business, return on investment, impact analysis and standardization.

Poor communication affects the organization in the process of adopting better organizational performance. Collaborative tools that can be used within the context of the process and integrate with back-end systems and a centralized project server can enhance communication across the enterprises.

5.1.3  Various ways of improving the performance of  humanitarian supply network.

The results in the study further demonstrates that Enhancing participative management systems in the humanitarian organization is essential in enabling the organization be in position to achieve better performance in the network this view therefore shows that participative management systems is essential in enabling the organization be in position to enhance better performance in the humanitarian supply network.

The study results shows that developing organization vision and goals geared towards achieved quality, the starting point for the management and leadership process is the formation of a well-defined vision and value statement this indicates that when the Humanitarian organization develops clear vision it is able to be in position to achieve its goals and targets.

Developing the Plan, The plan for the quality system is going to be different for every organization, but there are similar characteristics; there should be clear and measurable goals, these findings further demonstrated that Humanitarian organizations are able to manage their challenges by ensuring that they develop appropriate plans.