A range of scholarly works highlights key developments in the understanding and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related non-communicable diseases. Studies by Cefalu et al. (2018), Chamberlain et al. (2018), and Davies et al. (2018) examine cardiovascular outcomes and clinical management strategies for diabetes, emphasizing evolving treatment approaches and risk management.
Research by Cherney et al. (2020), Figtree et al. (2019), and Mahaffey et al. (2019) explores the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes, demonstrating their therapeutic potential. Similarly, Foretz, Guigas, and Viollet (2019) provide insights into the mechanisms of metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug.
Several studies, including Glovaci et al. (2019) and Halim & Halim (2019), focus on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of diabetes, linking the disease to inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging. Additional research highlights complications associated with diabetes, such as heart failure (Dunlay et al., 2019; Kenny & Abel, 2019), cognitive impairment (Xue et al., 2019), and increased vulnerability to infections like COVID-19 (Roncon et al., 2020; Saha et al., 2021).
Global and regional prevalence trends are discussed by Sun et al. (2022) and Saeedi et al. (2020), indicating a growing burden of diabetes worldwide. Other studies, such as Gao et al. (2019) and Lowe et al. (2019), specifically examine gestational diabetes and its long-term effects.
Emerging approaches in treatment, including nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (Kesharwani et al., 2018; Uppal et al., 2018), and the use of digital health technologies (Shan et al., 2019), are also highlighted as promising innovations. Furthermore, lifestyle and environmental risk factors—such as physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet—are identified as major contributors to non-communicable diseases (Katzmarzyk et al., 2022; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019).
Studies conducted in Africa and other developing regions (e.g., Ssekamatte et al., 2021; BarasaMasaba & Mmusi-Phetoe, 2021) emphasize challenges such as treatment non-adherence and the intersection of diabetes with infectious diseases like tuberculosis.
Overall, the literature underscores the complex interplay of biological, environmental, and socio-economic factors in the development and management of diabetes, while pointing to the need for integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to prevention and care.
