CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION
OF FINDINGS
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the results in reference to objectives in chapter one. Nature of jobs of respondents, different organization respondents work for, Gender composition of respondents, educational level of respondents, the time period the respondents have spent at Bududa. Findings on the causes of landslides, effects of landslides, ways put in place to control the occurrence of floods and ways put in place to control the negative effects of landslides.
4.1 FINDINGS ON GENERAL INFORMATION
Table 1: Showing findings on the response rate of the respondents
| Category of respondents | Questionnaires presented | Questionnaires returned with responses | Percentage |
| (%) | |||
| Local leaders | 3 | 3 | 100 |
| Business men | 30 | 22 | 73.33333333 |
| Religious leaders | 10 | 10 | 100 |
| School administrators | 10 | 10 | 100 |
| Peasants | 40 | 20 | 50 |
| Total | 93 | 65 |
Source: Primary Data
From the above findings its evident that the local leaders returned all the questionnaires they were given, 73.3% of the questionnaires given to business men were returned, however 100% of the questionnaires given to religious leaders were returned, the study further indicates that all the 100% of the questionnaires given to the school administrators were returned and only 50% of the questionnaires given to peasants were returned.
Table 4.1: shows the findings on the gender of the respondents
| GENDER | FREQUENCY | Percentage | degrees |
| MALE | 43 | 66.7 | 240 |
| FEMALE | 22 | 33.3 | 120 |
| TOTAL | 65 | 100 |
Source: primary data
Table 4.1 above shows that 66.7% of respondents were male and 33.3% were female. That means that the biggest percentage of respondents and employees in the organization were male and apart from that it also shows that male are twice more than female at Bududa.
4.2 FINDINGS ON THE EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF RESPONDENTS
Table 4.2 Shows findings on the employment status of responds.
| Category | frequency | percentage | Degrees |
| Yes | 50 | 76.9 | 276.84 |
| No | 15 | 23.1 | 83.16 |
| Total | 65 | 100 | 360 |
Table 4.2: shows findings concerning organizations were they work.
| organizations | FREQUENCY | PERCENTAGE |
| Residents | 50 | 76.9 |
| LC I and opinion leaders | 5 | 7.69 |
| District leaders | 3 | 4.6 |
| Red cross officials | 3 | 4.6 |
| Min officials | 4 | 6.1 |
| Total | 65 | 100 |
Source: primary data
Table 4.2 shows that 76.9 of respondents are residents at bududa, 7.6 of the respondents are LCI and opinion leaders of the district, 4.6% are district leaders , 4.6% are Red cross officials while the ministry of disaster officials are 6.1% of the population.
Table 4.3: shows findings on age of the respondents
| AGE | FREQUENCY | PERCENTAGE |
| 18-29 | 35 | 53.8 |
| 30-39 | 20 | 30.8 |
| 40 and above | 10 | 15.4 |
| TOTAL | 65 | 100 |
Source: primary data
Table 4.3 shows that 53% of the respondents are between the ages of 18-29, 30.8% are between the ages of 30-39, 15.4% are above forty years and above.
Table 4.4: shows findings on education level of respondents
| RESPONSE | FREQUENCY | PERCENTAGE |
| Certificate | 30 | 46.2 |
| Diploma | 20 | 30.8 |
| Degree | 10 | 15.4 |
| Others | 5 | 7.6 |
| TOTAL | 65 | 100 |
Source: primary data
Table above shows that the majority of staff are certificate holders and they percentage is 46.2, diploma 30.8%, degree 15.4%, others are 7.6% of the total population therefore the majority of the respondents can read and write.
Pie chart showing the findings on education level of respondents
4.2 Causes of land slides.
Table 4.6: shows the causes of land slides at bududa.
From table 4.6 above, findings revealed that, 61.5% of respondents strongly agreed that population increase causes landslides, 30.8% of the respondents also agree that population increase causes landslides while 7.7% are neautral this therefore shows that the majority of respondents believe that population increase is a major cause of land slides in Bududa.
According to the table 76.9% of the respondents strongly agreed that deforestation that causes landslides, 23.1% of the respondents also agreed that deforestation causes landslides while non of then respondents neither agreed , nor was neutral and bove all no respondent disagreed.
According to table above, 54.8% of the respondents strongly agreed that soil properties causes landslides, while 46.2% of the respondents agree that soil properties causes landslides, while non of the respondents neither was neutral, nor disagreed or strongly disagreed, this therefore shows that soil properties are one of the major causes of landslides at Bududa.
From the table 92.3% of respondents strongly agreed that urbanization causes landslides, while 7.7% of the respondents also agreed that urbanization causes landslides, due to this overwhelming response this therefore shows that urbanization is one of the major causes of landslides.
The table above indicates that 44.7% of respondents strongly agreed that degradation of land causes landslides in bududa, 30.8% agree that degradation causes landslides while 15.5% of the respondents were neutral and non of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed.
The above table also shows that 76.9% of the respondents strongly agreed that construction causes landslides, 15.4% agreed and 7.6% of the respondents where neutral and non of the respondents either agreed or disagreed , this therefore shows that construction is one of the major causes of landslides.
4.3. Ways put in place to control the occurrence of landslides.
Table 4.7: Shows ways put in place to control the occurrence of landslides at Bududa.
From table above, 69.2% of the respondents strongly agreed that drainage correction is one of the Ways put in place to control the occurrence of landslides, while the 30% agreed and no respondents was neutral, disagreed and strongly disagreed.
According to table above it indicates that, 76.9% of the respondents strongly agreed that proper land use helps tom control the occurrence of floods in Bududa, while 23% agreed , non of the respondents, was neutral, disagreed, and strongly disagreed.
Findings revealed in table above, that 53.8% of respondents strongly agreed that proper structural measures controls the occurrence of floods, 30% agreed while 15% were neutral, non of the respondents agreed or disagreed.
According to the table 76.9% of the respondents strongly agreed , 23% agreed while non of the respondents was neutral, disagreed or strongly disagreed.
From table above, majority of the respondents strongly agreed that awareness generation prevents the occurrence of lands while 7.7% were neautral.
The table also further shows that 76.9% of the respondents strongly agreed that financial mechanism prevents the occurrence f floods in bududa, 15% agreed on the same subject while the 7% of the respondents were neutral and non of the respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed.
4.4 EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES.
TABLE 4.8 SHOWS EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES IN BUDUDA.
Table 4.8 above revealed that drainage of infrastructure is one of the main effects of landslides as 76.9% off respondents strongly agreed, 15.4% of respondents agreed while 7.7% of the respondents and non of the respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed.
The table indicates that majority of the respondents strongly and agreed that landslides causes death and injuries, while non was neutral, disagreed, strongly disagreed .therefore landslides causes death and injuries at bududa.
According to table above, 69% of the respondents strongly agreed that landslides causes displacement and relocation while 31% agreed and non of the respondents was neutral, disagreed, and strongly disagreed.
According to researchers’ findings, 54% of the respondents strongly agreed that
Landslides causes destruction of farms while the remaining respondents agreed and non of the respondents was neutral, disagreed, strongly disagreed. This therefore shows that landslides cause destruction of farms.
According the table 62% of the respondents strongly agreed that landslides causes food shortage, 30% agreed while 7% were neutral, non of the respondents either Disagreed or strongly disagreed.
The table also shows that 46% of the respondents strongly and agreed that landslides causes outbreak of diseases while 7% were neutral non of the respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed.
4.4 ways put in place to control the negative effects of landslides.
TABLE 4.8 SHOWS WAYS PUT IN PLACE TO CONTROL THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES BUDUDA.
| Ways put in place to control the negative effects of landslides in Bududa | Response | ||||||
| No. and %age | SA | A | N | D | SD | Total | |
| 7. Developing of coping strategies | No. | 50 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| %age | 76.9 | 15.4 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
| 8. Developing of post event coping strategy | No. | 35 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| %age | 54 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
| 9. Adoption of culture | No. | 45 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| %age | 69 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
| 10. Change of emotional reactions | No. | 35 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| %age | 54 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
| 11. Helping one another | No | 40 | 20 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| %age | 62 | 30 | 7.8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
| 12. Community mobilization | No | 30 | 30 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| %age | 46.2 | 46.2 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
Table 4.8 above revealed that developing of coping strategies is one of the main ways put in place to control the negative effects of landslides as 76.9% off respondents strongly agreed, 15.4% of respondents agreed while 7.7% of the respondents and non of the respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed.
The table indicates that majority of the respondents strongly and agreed that developing post event coping strategy helps to control the negative effects of landslides, while non was neutral, disagreed, strongly disagreed, therefore developing post event coping strategy helps in controlling the negative effects of landslides.
According to table above, 69% of the respondents strongly agreed adoption of new cultures is important in controlling the negative effects of landslides while 31% agreed and non of the respondents was neutral, disagreed, and strongly disagreed.
According to researchers’ findings, 54% of the respondents strongly agreed that
Change of emotional reactions controls the negative effects of landslides while the remaining respondents agreed and non of the respondents was neutral, disagreed, strongly disagreed. This therefore shows that change of emotional reactions is imperative in the control of the negative effects of landslides.
According the table 62% of the respondents strongly agreed that helping one another is important in the control of the negative effects of landslides, 30% agreed while 7% were neutral, non of the respondents either Disagreed or strongly disagreed.
The table also shows that 46% of the respondents strongly and agreed that community mobilization is crucial in the control of the negative effects of floods while 7% were neutral non of the respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed, this therefore shows that community mobilization is of very important in controlling the negative effects of landslides.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND AREAS OF FURTHER STUDY
5.0 INTRODUCTION
The study aimed at establishing the effects of landslides to the community of bududa district. The study was guided by research objectives and the researcher summarized the findings in consistence to the research objectives.
5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
5.2.1 The causes of landslides.
From table 4.6 above, findings revealed that, 61.5% of respondents strongly agreed that population increase causes landslides, this in line with National State of Environment Reports for Uganda, (2007) which stresses that land is increasingly becoming small and very scarce this therefore put pressure on the available small piece of land hence leading to landslides in Uganda, this therefore shows that population increase causes landslide
According to the table 76.9% of the respondents strongly agreed that deforestation causes landslides this is also supported by (Kitutuet al., 2004), who asserts that deforestation is a major cause of landslides in different parts of the world.
According to table above, 54.8% of the respondents strongly agreed that soil properties causes landslides, this is also further explained by .kitutu et al, 2004 who asserts that soil properties is the major cause of landslides in an area.
From the table 92.3% of respondents strongly agreed that urbanization causes landslides, while 7.7% of the respondents also agreed, this strong response is in line with Haigh&Amaratunga, 2010). Who asserts that urbanizations is the key factor in the cause of landslides.
that urbanization causes landslides, due to this overwhelming response this therefore shows that urbanization is one of the major causes of landslides.
5.2.2 ways put in place to control the occurrence of floods
From table above, 69.2% of the respondents strongly agreed that drainage correction is one of the Ways put in place to control the occurrence of landslides, while the 30% agreed this strong positive response is further supported by (Msilimba, 2012), Hence the natural way of preventing this situation is by reducing infiltration and allowing excess water to move down without hindrance. As such, the first and foremost mitigation measure is drainage correction. This involves maintenance of natural drainage channels both micro and macro in vulnerable slopes
According to table above it indicates that, 76.9% of the respondents strongly agreed that proper land use helps to control the occurrence of floods in Bududa, this is also further supported by, this also further supported by msiimba, (2012), who states that proper land use is the major important way of controlling the occurrence of floods.
Findings revealed in table above, that 53.8% of respondents strongly agreed that proper structural measures controls the occurrence of floods, 30% agreed this positive response is further proved by (DREF, 2010), who states that proper land use is critical in controlling floods.
5.2.3 EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDES.
Table 4.8 revealed that drainage of infrastructure is one of the main effects of landslides as 76.9% off respondents strongly agreed, 15.4% of respondents agreed this strong response is supported by NEMA (2010), which states that landslides also result into destruction of infrastructure of the country and piut the country at a loss of billions of shillings.
The table indicates that majority of the respondents strongly and agreed that landslides causes death and injuries, this is also further supported by, NEMA (2010), which stated that landslides lead to the loss of many lives and caused many injuries.
According to table above, 69% of the respondents strongly agreed that landslides causes displacement and relocation while 31% agreed this is also further supported by thew nema report 2011, which asserted that landslides had caused numerous relocations of people.
5.3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.
The findings indicate that landslides cause numerous suffering and landslides are mainly caused by population increase, deforestation, poor soil properties, urbanization, degradation of land and construction this therefore shows that for societies to eliminate landslides they have to reduce on the level of how they practice such activities.
The findings also indicate that the ways to control the occurrence of floods include drainage corrections, proper land use, proper structural measures, afforestation, awareness generation, and financial mechanism.
The study also revealed that the following are the effects of landslides, destruction of infrastructure, cause death and injuries, cause displacement and relocation, destruction of farms, food shortage, and outbreak of diseases this therefore shows that landslides have destructive effects to bududa residents.
The study also revealed that the ways to control the negative impacts of floods include, developing of coping strategies, post event analysis, adoption of different cultures, change of emotional reactions, helping one another, and community mobilization.
5.4 CONCLUSION.
It the study the fore recommends the bududa community to refrain from practice like deforestation, urbanization, degradation of land and construction
5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
The study recommends the population of bududa to correct their drainage systems, proper land use, afforestation, awareness generation, financial mechanism..
5.6 AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
From the above analysis more studies need to be done in the following areas.
- Measure of landslide control
- Ways of environmental conservation
