MEDICINAL PLANTS treating ulcers
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal condition marked by mucosal lesions larger than 3–5 mm, primarily affecting the stomach and upper duodenum (Jaiswal et al., 2021). Typical symptoms include abdominal discomfort, indigestion, heartburn, loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and black/tarry stools, which may indicate bleeding (Yaghoobi & Armstrong, 2022). The disease arises from an imbalance between protective factors like prostaglandins and mucus, and harmful agents like Helicobacter pylori and oxidative stress (Kulshreshtha, Srivastava, & Singh, 2017).
Globally, about 10% of the population suffers from peptic ulcers, with prevalence varying based on region, socioeconomic factors, sanitation, and H. pylori infection rates. Higher rates have been observed in African countries such as Ghana and Nigeria, although more research is necessary to obtain accurate data (Vijay, 2018). In Nigeria, prevalence ranges from 4% to 16.7% depending on the region. In Uganda, limited studies hinder a clear estimate of prevalence, but research in Kampala and southwestern areas shows a significant impact, with H. pylori infection rates reaching 78.6% among patients with dyspepsia (Pradeep, 2014).
The treatment of peptic ulcers depends on the cause, which may include H. pylori infection, long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, or stress (Popa, 2021). Standard treatments include antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori, often combined with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or bismuth subsalicylate, known as triple or quadruple therapy. PPIs reduce stomach acid production, alleviating pain and promoting healing (Gururatsakul et al., 2014). H2 blockers and antacids are also used to reduce or neutralize stomach acid and provide temporary relief (Malmi, 2018). Lifestyle changes, such as stress reduction, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and maintaining a balanced diet, can help prevent ulcers and support recovery (Bereda, 2022).
Despite their effectiveness, synthetic ulcer treatments can lead to serious side effects. H2 blockers have been linked to impotence, headaches, and skin rashes, while PPIs may cause atrophic gastritis (Sonnenberg, 2014). Antacids can result in stomach distention, belching, and constipation, and anticholinergics may induce dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, and constipation (Bai et al., 2023). Additionally, ulcer protectants can cause dizziness, diarrhea, and constipation. Due to these complications and the chronic nature of peptic ulcers, with frequent relapses, attention is shifting toward herbal remedies. Herbal treatments are valued for their lower toxicity, cultural acceptance, better compatibility with the human body, fewer side effects, and cost-effectiveness (Pandey et al., 2008).
These plants contain beneficial compounds like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins, which may promote healing and overall health (Bai, 2023). Despite the limited scientific validation of their efficacy, herbal remedies remain popular due to their affordability, accessibility, individualized approach, and the reduced risk of side effects compared to synthetic drugs (Al-Aidaroos et al., 2023). In fact, 80% of people in developed countries rely on plant-based treatments, and approximately 25% of global prescriptions are derived from plants (Akinwumi & Sonibare, 2019; Kuna et al., 2019).
Problem Statement
Peptic ulcers, which affect the stomach, duodenum, and esophagus, are typically caused by H. pylori infection or prolonged NSAID use and represent a significant global health issue. The financial burden is considerable, with high treatment costs and productivity losses (Zahid et al., 2020). In Uganda, the incidence of peptic ulcers is rising due to increased NSAID usage and high rates of H. pylori infection, highlighting a growing public health concern. The reliance on synthetic drugs for treatment presents challenges, including side effects, drug resistance, and diminished long-term effectiveness (Sweeney, 2022).
Herbal medicine offers a promising alternative, with benefits such as fewer side effects, higher bioavailability, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, and cost-efficiency. This approach also addresses underlying causes of the condition, making it a valuable tool in the treatment of peptic ulcers (Esmaeilzadeh et al., 2021). Therefore, advocating for herbal medicine as a treatment option could enhance symptom relief and promote faster healing.
