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ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IMPROVEMENT OF AN ABATTOIR –CASE STUDY OF CATDA ALONG PORTBELL ROAD

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This chapter of the research explains the background of the study, background to the case study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, scope and significance of study.

Introduction

This chapter concerns a review of major existing literature on the environmental sanitation of abattoirs and its effects on public health. It is done mainly from the survey already conducted in the field of environmental sanitation in regards to abattoirs. The source of information will include the secondary data which includes data from internet, library books, journals and magazines on abattoir environmental sanitation.

Concept of abattoir sanitation

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of waste as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid waste, domestic water, industrial solid waste and agricultural waste (WHO 2014). The term sanitation has been connected to several descriptors like sustainable sanitation, improved sanitation, ecological sanitation and many others. It involves collection, containment, conveyance/ transport treatment disposal or refuse of waste as stated by Tilley (2014).

Good sanitation should not only involve a sanitation system that is economically viable socially acceptable technically and institutionally appropriate but should protect the environment and the natural resources as cited by Susan (2008) hence environmental sanitation. Environment sanitation refers to all activities aimed improving or maintaining the standard of basic environmental conditions affecting the wellbeing of people. It includes clean and safe water, clean and safe air, efficient and safe animal, human and industrial waste disposal, protection of foods from biological and chemical contaminants and adequate housing in clean and safe surrounding. As cited by Wisegeek (2015) environment sanitation is a set of actions geared towards improving the quality of the environment and reducing the amount of diseases. By doing that there is the hope that living condition will be improved and health problems will decrease

The management of water, solid waste and industrial waste as well as pollution and noise control all fall under the umbrella of environmental sanitation. Most of the waste collected is usually recycled in the environment. Recycling of waste uses less energy and is a great way of controlling air, water pollution, creates employment and recycles post consumer materials into industrial production as cited by Carl (2005)

Abattoirs Act (2001) defined Abattoir as any premises used or in connection with the slaughtering of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption and include a slaughter house but does not include a place suited in a farm. Abattoirs, also called slaughter house is a place where animals are butchered for food (Collin English Dictionary. 2007). The killing of animals for community consumption is inevitable in many nations of the world including uganda dates back to antiquity.

National Environment Sanitation policy aptly identified abattoir sanitation as one of the key policies in addressing problems pf environmental sanitation .Problems faced in abattoirs include improper refuse disposal, inadequate water supply, inadequate sanitary facilities which results to open defecation and urination, overcrowding, exposure of food and meat to flies and rodents.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

There are many problem associated with abattoirs which include improper waste disposal poor water supply, inadequate sanitary facilities and proper sanitation, air pollution, exposure of meat to flies and rodents and springing up of illegal abattoirs and slaughter houses. There is often little or no monitoring of the abattoirs. Practices and ways to improve the status of abattoirs in uganda has inspired me to investigate on the environmental sanitation situation of an abbattior as a sample study.

Main objective

The main purpose of this study is to find out the Environmental sanitation situation of CATDA abattoir at Portbell road.

SPECIFIC  Objectives

To find out the methods of waste disposal in CATDA abattoir

To  Find out if there are adequate sanitary facilities in CATDA abattoir

To Find out if there are effective monitoring guiding in CATDA abattoir

Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study.

1. Are there correct methods of waste disposal in CATDA abattoir.
2. Are there appropriate sanitary facilities in the abbatior.
3. Are there effective monitoring guiding the abattoir operations.

 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE

The research will be carried at City Abattoirs Traders’ Development Association along old Port bell road near Ministry of works. It is located on old Port bell road at industrial area, 60 meters off Kampala Jinja road.

TIME SCOPE

The literature will focus on a period of 5 years between 2011-2016 because the researcher thinks that will be relevant and important to the research. The study will be carried out for a period of four months from March 2017 to June 2017.

SUBJECT SCOPE

The study will investigate the environment sanitation of city Abattoirs Traders Development Association.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research will help tore-establish better sanitation and hygiene that will help to improve on the performance of CATDA.

The study will help other researchers gain more knowledge about present Abattoir sanitation and hygiene.

The research will be used for other future researchers for reference

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Methods of waste disposal

Source Reduction

Denison and Ruston (1990) viewed source reduction as any action that reduces the volume or toxicity of solid waste prior to its processing and disposal in incinerators or land fills. This view is similar to the one given by Kreith (1994). According to him, source reduction focuses on reducing the volume and /or toxicity of waste generated. Source reduction includes the switch to reusable products and packaging, the most familiar example being returnable bottles. According to USPS (2000) in the city of Thimphu in Bhutan to reduce waste problems in future, reduction in waste generation would be the most important factor. Examples of possible reduction at the consumption level include reuse of containers (including bags), better buying habits, and cutting down on the use of disposable products and packaging ( USPS, 2000)

It is agreed that, source separation and resource recovery is an important method in waste management. This is because there is nothing like waste on this earth. Wastes that are discharged may be of significant value in another setting, but they are of little or no value to the possessor who wants to dispose of it. According to Tsiboe and Marbel (2004), Austria, the Netherlands, and Denmark developed a waste management processes to efficiently resolve the waste disposal problem by essentially coaxing their citizens to separate their domestic solid waste into glass, paper, plastic categories; thereby enabling easy collection and consequently reuse. As suggested by the three authors, one way of effectively managing solid waste is to minimise solid waste generation through source reduction.

Sanitary Landfill

Sanitary land filling includes confining the waste, compacting it and covering with soil. It not only prevents burning of garbage but also helps in reclamation of land for valuable use (Centre for Environment and Development, 2003). The placement of solid waste in landfills is the oldest and definitely the most prevalent form of ultimate waste disposal (Zerbock, 2003:16). He further argued that “landfills” are nothing more than open, sometimes controlled dumps. According to him the difference between landfills and dumps is the level of engineering, planning, and administration involved. Open dumps are characterized by the lack of engineering measures, no leachate management, no consideration of landfill gas management, and few, if any, operational measures such as registration of users, control of the number of “tipping fronts” or compaction of waste (Zerbock, 2003)

Further more, landfills are one form of waste management that nobody wants but everybody needs (Kreith, 1994) According to him, there are simply no combinations of waste management techniques that do not require landfilling to make them work. Of the basic management options of solid waste, landfills are the only management technique that is both necessary and sufficient. According to Kreith (1994) some wastes are simply not recyclable, many recyclable wastes eventually reach a point where their intrinsic value is completely dissipated and they no longer can be recovered, and recycling itself produces residuals. He further highlighted that the technology and operation of modern land fill can assure the protection of human health and the environment.

Recycling

According to Momoh and Oladebeye (2010) recycling has been viewed as a veritable tool in minimizing the amount of household solid wastes that enter the dump sites. It also provides the needed raw materials for industries. According to them, it has been established that, it is the best, efficient and effective method of solid waste management system. However, this may not be cost effective in developing countries like Ghana. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1999) has recommended recovery for recycling as one of the most effective waste management techniques. According to USEPA, recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and, it yields environmental, financial, and social returns in natural resource conservation, energy conservation, pollution prevention, and economic expansion and competitiveness. More importantly, a sizeable portion of what is thrown away contains valuable resources—metals, glass, paper, wood, and plastic—that can be reprocessed and used again as raw materials (USEPA, 1999).

Methods for recycling:Products like PVC, LDEP, PP and PS are recyclable though they are not collected for recycling. The material, which is composed of a single type, is recyclables and is much easy to work with. However, complex products are difficult to treat and so are complex for recycling.

Biological reprocessing

Waste materials, which come in organic nature, are treated through biological reprocessing. The waste materials with organic nature are plant, food and paper products. This reprocessing or recycling of this organic matter is put to biological decomposition which later if recycled in form of mulch or compost for landscaping and agricultural purposes. Additionally, the waste gas, which is collected from the process, is used for the production of electricity. The goal behind biological reprocessing is to control and speed up the natural decomposition for organic matter.

A numerous sort of composting techniques and methods for digestion are employed depending upon the requirement as if digestion is required for household heaps or industrial materials. There are diverse methods for biological reprocessing like anaerobic and aerobic techniques.

Composting

Composting process uses microorganisms to degrade the organic content of the waste. Aerobic composting proceeds at a higher rate and converts the heterogeneous organic waste materials into homogeneous and stable humus (Centre for Environment and Development, 2003: 9).

UNEP (2009) has also defined composting as a biological decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled predominantly aerobic conditions to a state that is sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage and handling and is satisfactorily matured for safe use in agriculture. According to the UNEP (2009), composting is the option that, with few exceptions, best fits within the limited resources available in developing countries. A characteristic that renders composting especially suitable is its adaptability to a broad range of situations. According to Zerbock (2003), a low-technology approach to waste reduction is composting.

Landfill:

This method involves burying off the waste and this is the most common practice for the disposal of waste around the Globe. These landfills are quite often conventional with deserted and vacant locations around the cities. In case, landfills or borrow pits are designed carefully they can serve as economical and quite sanitized method for waste dumping. However, not much effectively designed and older landfills can cost a big amount to the government not just in terms of money but also in the environmental and health issues. Apart from the general poorly designed landfill’s common problems like wind-blown debris and generation of liquid, it can also cause production of gas, which is extremely hazardous. The characteristic, which is must for an up to date landfill, is inclusion of clay or leachate lining. The waste that is deposited is generally compressed for increasing the density and stability and later it is covered to have it prevented from vermin. One thing, which is addition to modern landfills, is the “gas extraction system” installation. This system is included to have the gas extracted from the borrow pit.

Incineration:

This is the dumping off method, which involves combustion for waste materials. This sort of dumping off for waste materials through incineration and temperature is known as “thermal treatment”. This method is utilized to convert waste materials in to gas, heat, ash and steam.

Incineration is conducted on both individual and industrial scale. This method is used for disposing off all sorts of matters. This generally is the most recognized practical method for disposing off perilous material. This however, is the conflict-ridden method for it causes the emission of perilous gases.

Incineration is a common practice in Japan because of scarcity of land, which facilitates through not requiring landfill for waste dumping. Two widely used terms, which are facilitating burning of waste material in furnace and boiler for generation of heat, electricity and steam, are (Waste-to-energy) WFW and (energy-from-waste) EFW.

The burning procedure in this method for waste disposal is never perfect so, fear for gas pollutants is mounting. Special concerns have been focused over some extremely importunate organics as dioxins. These organic products are created with the incinerator and they are causations for serious consequences affecting environment.

According to the Centre for Environment and Development (2003), incineration is a controlled combustion process for burning combustible waste to gases and reducing it to a residue of non-combustible ingredients. According to the Centre, during incineration, moisture in the solid waste gets vapourised and the combustible portion gets oxidised and vapourised. C02, water vapour, ash and non-combustible residue are the end products of incineration. Incinerators have the capacity to reduce the volume of waste drastically, up to nine fold than any other method (Kreith, 1994). According to him incineration can also recover useful energy either in the form of steam or electricity. He however recognised that the main constraints of incineration are high cost of operation, relatively high degree of sophistication needed to operate them safely and economically as well as the tendency to pollute the environment through emissions of carbon dioxide. Having assessed the major methods that have been proposed by the various authors, literature has further revealed that there is an alternative method of managing solid waste effectively which is synonymous to waste reduction and recycling as mentioned earlier on. This forms the next section of the review

Recovery of Energy:

Waste materials can directly be combusted for the generation of energy as fuel or other method, indirect combustion can also be adopted for energy generation. Thermal treatment for recycling purpose included burning of waste for the generation of energy used for household purpose i.e. cooking and heating while the energy from recycling can also be produced at industrial level from boilers. Among thermal treatments you have two related kinds i.e. Pyrolysis and gasification. In these sorts of methods, materials are heated  with little supply of oxygen at high temperature. This process is conducted in sealed vessels with high pressure. In Pyrolysis, the solid is converted in to liquid state and liquid is converted in to gas. These products of treatment can then be used for the production of energy. The residue that is left behind is generally known as “char”, which is further treated for the production of more useable products. In Gasification however, the material to be treated is directly converted in to Syngas (synthetic gas) which has hydrogen and carbon dioxide as its components.

Reduction and Avoidance Methods:

Another method for the management of the waste material is the avoidance for it being created and this method is generally named as “waste reduction”. The avoidance for waste production includes using the second-hand product and repairing the products you have broken in place of buying new things. Products are designed for refilling and reusing. Cutting down use of disposable things and producing products that are more complex.

Composting:

Composting is a technique in which organic waste materials (food, plants, paper) are decomposed and then recycled as compost for use in agriculture and landscaping applications.

Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT):

In this technique, a variety of waste(plastic, paper, glass, etc.) are fed in bulk into the waste treatment plant. The MBT process extracts the recyclable content in the waste and converts it to calorific fuel that can be used by cement/power plants.

Pyrolysis and Gasification:

These are thermal techniques, using these, waste is treated at high temperatures and at a very high pressure. In Pyrolysis, the waste material is converted to solid or liquid. The solid material can be further refined into a carbon form while the liquid extract can be used as energy-giving oil. In gasification, the waste material is converted into a synthetic gas, which can be burned to produce more energy.

In conclusion, waste management has become part of our survival strategy. If we have to live, we will produce waste. If we do not treat waste, it will choke us. Waste is a problem, waste Management is the solution.

Sanitary Facilities

A slaughterhouse, alternatively known as an abattoir, is a place where animals are killed to provide food. It may also be defined as any premise that is used for the slaughter of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption. The slaughtering of animals for human consumption is important in most nations of the world and dates back to the ancient times (Bello and Oyedemi, 2009). Public slaughter houses can be traced to the Roman civilization and in France by the 15th and 16th centuries, and were among the public facilities. In Italy, a law from 1890 stipulated that public abattoirs should be provided in all communities comprising of more than six thousand inhabitants. Similar things were reported in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands and Rumania (Jode, et al., 1996). The most commonly killed animals for food are cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and fowl, for poultry meat.

Environmental hygiene

As in all sectors of hygiene, the external and internal environment of the slaughter house should be protected against any infestation. Insects, birds and rodents have been recognized as important carriers of pathogens and other microorganisms (Olsen and Hammack, 2000). To avoid these, a strict control should be exerted over the following:

Pests control Good Hygienic Practices (GMP)

should be employed to avoid generating an environment favourable to pests. Pest control system for pest must include the following:  Good Hygienic Practices should be used to avoid creating an environment conducive to pests.  Pest control programmes could include preventing access to principal site, eliminating harborage and establishing monitoring detection and eradication systems.

Proper fencing Insects,

birds and rodents have been recognized as important carriers of pathogens and other microorganisms (Urban and Broce, 2000). In one interesting case a Salmonella outbreak was traced back to amphibians, which had accidentally entered a production facility (Parish, 1998). The aim is to prevent access of unauthorized persons, the public in general, dogs and other animals around the slaughterhouse premises. The fencing should have direct contact with the ground and should be sufficiently high to prevent access into the premises (Urban and Broce, 2000).

Bird control

Allowing birds to fly inside the slaughter house might cause contamination through its droppings. Birds are often attracted by food supplies, water, special vegetation around buildings, and these attractions should be removed. (Fenlon, 1983) demonstrated that some aquatic birds spread for Salmonella and other human pathogens in the environment

Lairage

Lairage is a place where livestock are kept temporarily (Critical Design, Operational and Equipment Guidelines for Licensed Abattoirs, 2012). This is a specific area inside the premises of a slaughter house where the animals are conveyed for rest. Rest is an important factor because when animals are stressed, carcasses of lower quality result from slaughter. There should be sufficient space for the animals and a good supply of potable water for drinking purposes. A washing system where the animals can be cleaned before passing to the slaughter house is generally recommended (FAO 1985).

Transportation

The animals are hauled from pastures or farms to the slaughterhouse. All necessary precautions during transportation should be considered to minimize stress and injury to the animals. This is important because when animals are injured prior to their slaughter, they may grow sick and this can result in an unplanned death. Also when animals are stressed, it is observed that their meat is usually of less quality as compared to when they are well rested and relaxed before slaughter (Tove, 1985).

Slaughtering and Bleeding

After stunning, the animal is vertically hanged lifting the animal (head down) to a convenient height. The bleeding operation is made by inserting a knife through the neck behind the jaw bone and below the first neck bone. The aim is to sever the carotid artery and jugular vein and let the blood to drain out. The exsanguination process should be as fast and complete as possible due to hygienic norms since insufficient bleeding and slow death could result in blood clotting in the deep tissues and this might be hazardous in the later stages of slaughtering. Elevation bleeding is more hygienic and is preferred to other alternatives. This is because it reduces the risk of contaminating the carcass (Laurie, 1992).

Skinning (dehairing)

This is the process of carefully removing the skin of animals. Although the process may vary according to the animal (pigs, cattle, sheep or goat), the process follows a similar procedure. Cutting of the skin is made around the leg with the aim of exposing and loosening the tendon of the animal’s lower leg joint to be used for hanging the carcass. After this the entire skin is removed and the body is prepared for evisceration (Small and Buncic, 2009). This process is usually meant for cattle, goat, deer and sheep.

Dehairing is a process normally done in the slaughter of pigs. It consists of releasing the bled animal into a pool of boiling water for a couple of minutes and then pulling it out for removal of the hairs before proceeding for evisceration.

Evisceration s

Evisceration is the process which consists of removing the internal organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The internal organs are also known as offal and they fall into two categories:  Red offal such as the heart, liver and lungs (pluck).   Grey offal such as the stomach or intestine (paunch). To avoid contamination of the carcass through accidental punctures of the intestines and stomach, it is important that the carcass is placed in the hanging position. The body cavity is severed and the intestinal mass and the stomach (the paunch) are pushed slightly out. The liver is held out carefully during this process. This is to prevent an accidental release of the bile content onto the carcass and as such spoil the taste of the meat. The last stage in evisceration is the removal of the contents from the chest cavity. By cutting the diaphragm which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, the pluck can be pulled out as a single unit (Tove, 1985). Leakage from the rectum is prevented by tying the anus with a process called bagging

Effective monitoring guiding the abattoir operations

Disinfection on entering the premises

Every time an authorized officer or member of staff is to enter the slaughter house, he should undergo a process of disinfection by dipping his boots in a footbath, which is a basin situated at each entrance of the slaughter line, to avoid carrying infectious agents that might stick to the boots via soil particles (Adler 1999).

Bleeding and exsanguinations

The knife used to slaughter each animal should be cleaned and rinsed in hot water. It is known that a contaminated knife can pass on bacteria into the animal tissues during the initial stages of bleeding, that is, when the heart is still beating (Reij et al., 2003).

Skinning Knife

skinning and the use of bare hands can similarly hosts contaminating organisms on the surface of the carcass. As such washing of the hands is a must after the passage of each carcass to avoid contamination of same (Reij et al., 2003).

Evisceration

Extreme care should be taken not to puncture the intestines. The slaughtermen should follow the procedure of tying the end part of the intestine and the severed end of the esophagus, then removing intestine and stomach first, followed by the pluck (heart, liver, and lungs of an animal used as meat (FAO, 1985). The pluck should be hung on a hook while the paunch (stomach) should be dropped in a paunch container. As a matter of hygiene, the stomach and intestines should not be processed while carcass dressing is in operation as any minor splash from same can easily cause contamination of the meat.

Washing

It is the process by which the carcasses undergo washing with clean potable water. If water is a problem then a dry slaughter process by trained slaughter men should be used as alternative as it is more appropriate as a safety measure for carcasses to be dry clean than to contaminate them with polluted water (Odeyemi, 1991).

Offal handling

The offals (stomach and intestines) are the organs from the carcass which contain the greatest load of infectious organisms and for preventive measure must be moved to a separated chamber provided for them. At first they should be emptied of their contents, dried, and then cleansed with water. g) Personnel The personal hygiene of the workers is a primordial factor in slaughtering operations. The reason is simply that, contamination of food and disease transmission, depend upon the human factor as well as on the tools and mode of operation. Transfer of microorganisms by personnel particularly 23 from hands is of vital importance (Bloomfield, 2003). During handling, bacteria are transferred from contaminated hands of workers to the food and subsequently to other surfaces (Montville et al., 2001). Low doses of infectious organisms such as Shigella and pathogenic Escherichia coli have been linked to hands as a source of contamination (Snyder, 1998). Poor hygiene, particularly deficient or absence of hand washing has been identified as the causative mode of transmission. Proper hand washing and disinfection has been recognized as one of the most effective ways to control the spread of pathogens, especially when considered along with the restriction of sick workers. Moreover persons with unhygienic habits like spitting, coughing and nose-blowing should be strictly monitored to ensure that they do not contaminate the food they work with. It is important to limit access into the premises during the time of slaughter. All personnel that are allowed access should also be dressed in the appropriate personal protective clothing, e.g. clean trousers and wearing appropriate waterproof aprons. Boots should be worn with the trousers neatly folded inside .The hallmark is that the workers must strictly abide to a formal code of hygiene.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology which consists of the research design, area of study, study population, sample population and selection, sampling technique, data collection method, data quality control, data collection procedures and limitations of the study.

3.2 Research design

This study will adopt a survey research design. A survey research design is a process of collecting information from a sample of people who have been selected to represent a defined target population. In survey research design, a researcher will collect information that describes, explores, and quantifies social phenomena, particularly issues, conditions and problems that are prevalent in the society at a particular point in time (Mugenda &Mugenda, 2012; Cooper & Schindler, 2011).   ]

This study will adopt a survey design because it is easy and convenient to be conducted through interviews or questionnaire instruments, or both. In this study, both instruments, i.e. self-administered interview guides and questionnaires will be employed as appropriate. The approaches that will be adopted by the researcher include both quantitative and qualitative approaches as explained below; Quantitative Research Approach, this approach usually involves the collecting and converting of data into numerical form so that the statistical calculations can be made on it The reason for use of this approach, Quantitative research will help the researcher to gather information using constructed questionnaires with both closed and open ended questions which help in understanding a number of phenomena such as generalization prediction, impact on respondents, behaviors, performance and therefore quality data.

Qualitative Research Approach, this approach is associated with recording, analyzing and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and significance of human behavior and experience, including contradictory beliefs, behaviors’ and emotions. Qualitative design will help in gathering and evaluating data on respondent’s preference, interpretation, attitude, opinions and behaviors.

3.3 Data type and sources

Source of data will be from both primary and secondary sources.

Primary data

Primary data will be obtained from the questionnaires administered to the target respondents to gain opinions and practices on the assessment of environmental sanitation improvement of an abattoir. The questionnaires will be designed to get information from the respondents on the topic under study.

Secondary sources

Secondary data is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other than those of a particular research study. It is data developed for some purpose other than for helping to solve the research problem at hand (Bell, 1997). This will comprise of literature related to assessment of environmental sanitation improvement of an abattoir in an organization in relation to the case study. Secondary data will be sourced because it yields more accurate information than obtained through primary data, and it is also cheaper.

Secondary data will be got from text books, new papers, magazines, articles , internet and earlier researches on the problem.

3.4 Study area and population

The study will be carried out at Catda Along Portbell Road. This comprised of employees of CATDA who made a total of 40 respondents. This enabled the researcher to get relevant information from the right people.

3.5 Sample Size and Selection Techniques

According to (Amin, 2005) sampling involves selecting a sample of the population in such a way that samples of the same size have equal chances of being selected. The sample size will be determined using mathematical formula given by Miller and brewer (2003) as;

n =

Where,

n is the sample size

N is the target population

Margin of error (fixed at 5%)

n=n

=36

The reason for the use of this method is used because it involves less bias in choosing the sample size and allows for uniform principle to be applied and different entities

3.6 Data Collection tools/Methods

The major instruments for data collection were questionnaires and interview guide. The questionnaire provided respondents with ample time to comprehend the questions raised and hence, they were able to answer factually.

3.6.1 Questionnaires

The questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. The researcher will administer the questionnaires to respondents on assessment of environmental sanitation improvement of an abattoir which was designed basing on study objectives and questions. Respondents will read and write the questionnaires themselves. The questionnaires were close ended and were considered convenient because they were administered to the literate and its anonymous nature will fetch unhindered responses.

3.7 Data presentation and analysis

Raw data was processed into meaningful information. The process involved editing, tabulation and analysis with a view of checking the completeness and accuracy of the information.

3.7.1 Editing

This is intended to detect and eliminate errors that could occur. Only relevant, correct and crucial information was identified and used to draw conclusion.

3.7.2 Tabulation

Some data was presented in table to enable analysis and identification of relationship between variables.

3.7.3 Analysis

The findings of the research was written down and worked out, edited and analyzed using comparison and percentage approaches with the help of computer program known as data statistical package for social scientist and Excel program to draw conclusions and recommendations. This will help the researcher to determine assessment of environmental sanitation improvement of an abattoir in light of research objectives and literature review.

3.8 Data collection procedures

A letter of introduction will be obtained from the faculty of science, Kyambogo University seeking permission to conduct the study. It will be presented to the officials of seeking permission to carry out the study in the division. After being granted the permission, the researcher will proceed to make appointments with the selected respondents. Thereafter, the researcher will administer questionnaires and the required data will be collected. The researcher will personally administered questionnaires to the respondents in order to avoid delay, to avoid collecting wrong data, ensure completeness and accuracy and confidentiality of the data collected is strictly adhered to.

3.9 Data validity and reliability

3.9.1 Validity

Data analysis in this study will focus on data validity and reliability. To establish the validity of the questions, pre-testing will be done amongst the selected categories of respondents. Their comments will be incorporated in the final instruments to suit the data requirement of the study. The final amended research instruments will be reviewed jointly by the researcher and the supervisor.

3.9.2 Reliability

Reliability will be checked using the test –retest practice advocated for by Amin (2005). In other words, the questions will be put to course mates and their comments noted, they will then be presented to the respondents and their views will be compared with those of the course mates. On receipt of the questionnaires, manual editing will be done, followed by coding. Frequency count of different variables will be done and this will give the number of occurrences and percentages out of total occurrences.

3.10 Limitations of the study

The research was hampered by the following challenges.

Non responses

The researcher also experienced a problem of non-response from respondents who were given the questionnaires to fill. However, the researcher assured the respondents that any information given will be treated with maximum confidentiality.

Cost

The researcher will experience a problem of limited finances with respect to this study. Costs regarding this limitation included transport, printing and photocopying of relevant materials. However, the researcher has to borrow some money from relatives, friends and use it sparingly so as to overcome the cost constraint.

Time

The researcher will experience time constraint in data collection, analyzing of data and in final presentation of the report. However, the researcher will overcome this problem by ensuring that the time element was put into consideration and that all appointments agreed upon with respondents shall be fully met.

CHAPTER FOUR

FINDING AND CONCLUSION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the results in reference to objectives in chapter one, Gender of respondents, Age of respondents, Education level of respondents, to find out the methods of waste disposal in CATDA abattoir, to find out if there are adequate sanitary facilities in CATDA abattoir and to Find out if there are effective monitoring guiding in CATDA abattoir.

4.1 Response Rate

Source: primary data

The table above indicates that the response rate was 83%, this was good because marjority of the respondents returned the questionnaire therefore the researcher had to continue with analysis.

4.1.2 Findings on the Gender of respondents

Depending on the sample of respondents that was taken, below is the table showing the gender distribution.

Table 4. 1.2: Shows the findings on the gender of the respondents

Source: primary data

Table 4.1.2 above shows that 60% of respondents were male and 40% were female. This means that the biggest percentage of respondents and employees in the organization that were sampled were male and apart from that it also shows that male gender dominate the work force of the abbatoir which eased the work due to flexibility of men other than women.

4.1.3 Findings on the age of respondents.

The age groups of the respondents were represented as shown below;

Table 4.1.3: Shows findings on age of the respondents age

Source: primary data

The table above shows that 33.33% of the respondents are in the age group of 18-29 while 50% of the respondents are in the ages of 30-39 while the remaining respondents of 16.6% are in the ages of above 40 years. This showed that respondents between the age 30-39 dominated all therefore are still in an active range therefore can give sound and clear responses in relation to the questions which gives accuracy in data collected.

4.1.4 Findings on the education level of respondents.

The education levels of the respondents were as shown in the table below;

Table 4.1.4: Shows findings on education level of respondents

Source: primary data

The results in the study indicates that majority of the respondents had stopped studying at secondary school level therefore they had the knowledge to answer the questionnaires very well as needed by the researcher.

4.1.5 Findings on the number of years respondents have worked at abbattoir

Table 4.1.5 Showing the number of years respondents have worked at abbattoir.

Source: primary data

The table shows that majority of the respondents have worked for the time period of 6-10 years and therefore have much knowledge about the organization thus can give adequate information.

The bar graph above shows that majority of the respondents have works between  the range of 6-10 years this shows that  the majority of the respondents have enough knowledge on the operations of abbattoir and therefore they were able to give detailed information regarding the topic.

Then the least of respondents have worked there for 10 years and above however those that have worked between 3-5 years are more than them.

4.2 The methods of waste disposal in CATDA abattoir

The methods of waste disposal in CATDA abattoir are summarized in the table below;

Table 4.2.1: Shows the methods of waste disposal in CATDA abattoir

From table 4.2.1 above, findings revealed that, 50% of respondents strongly agreed Source reduction, 33.3% agreed while 16.6% agreed this therefore shows that majority of respondents agree CATDA uses source reduction as awaste disposal method.

According to the table 60% of the respondents strongly agreed that Sanitary land fill is one of the waste disposal methods, while the remaining 40% agreed this therefore shows that all the respondents agree with the fact that sanitary land fill is used as a waste disposal method.

According to the table above, 73.3 % of the respondents strongly agreed that Recycling is one of the methods used in waste disposal at CATDA abattoir while 16.7% agreed, 3.3% of the respondents were not sure while the remaining 10% basing on this response it is therefore clear that recycling is used to eliminate wastes.

From the table 83.3% of respondents strongly agreed that Compositing is used for waste disposal at CATDA abattoir while the remaining percentage of 16.6% of the respondents agreed this makes it clear that compositing waste disposal method is essential.

The table above indicates that 60% of respondents strongly agreed that Land fill is one of the techniques used in waste disposal, 20% agreed while the remaining 20% were neutral over the issue.

The above table also shows that 50% of the respondents strongly agreed that Incineration is a technique used in waste disposal while the remaining 50% agreed this therefore shows that 100% of the respondents agreed.

4.3 Sanitary Facilities

Table 4.3.1: Shows various Sanitary Facilities

From table above, 60% of the respondents strongly agreed that A clean  slaughter house  is one of the sanitary facilities while the remaining 40% agreed, this therefore shows that the majority of the respondents agreed that when an abattoir has a clean slaughter house it prevents against many unhygienic circumstances.

According to table above it indicates that, 73.3 % of the respondents strongly agreed that Environmental hygiene is essential in abattoir to prevent against diseases, while 26.67% agreed , while none of the respondents, was neutral, disagreed, and strongly disagreed, this findings also shows that indeed environmental hygiene is essential in an organization like an abbattoir.

Findings revealed in table above, shows that 50% of the respondents strongly agreed and the remaining percentage this therefore shows that 100% of the respondents agree with the fact that Pests control is essential in ensuring that an abattoir is clean.

According to the table 56.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that Proper fencing against insects is essential in ensuring that the abattoir is clean while the remaining 33.3% of the respondents strongly agreed, while none of the respondents was neutral, disagreed or strongly disagreed.

From table above, majority of the respondents strongly agreed that Bird control is essential in ensuring hygiene in abattoir while 23.3% while none of the respondents were neutral disagreed or strongly disagreed.

4.4 Effective monitoring guiding the abattoir operations.

Table 4.4.1: Shows effective monitoring guiding the abattoir operations.

Source : primary data

From table above, 60% of the respondents strongly agreed that Disinfecting on entering premises is essential hygiene in an abattoir while the remaining 40% agreed; this therefore shows that the majority of the respondents agreed that it’s important for the workers in an abattoir to first disinfect as they enter a slaughter to guarantee hygiene of the place.

According to table above it indicates that, 73.3 % of the respondents strongly agreed that Bleeding and exsanguinations are essential in enabling an abattoir be clean  , while 26.7% agreed , while none of the respondents, was neutral, disagreed, and strongly disagreed.

Findings revealed in table above, shows that 50% of the respondents strongly agreed and the remaining percentage this therefore shows that 100% of the respondents agree with the Washing skinning knife is essential in enabling an abattoir be clean.

According to the table 56.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that Evisceration is essential in maintaining and ensuring cleanliness in an abbattoir, while the remaining 33.3% of the respondents also held the same view.

From table above, majority of the respondents strongly agreed that Washing premises before cutting animals is essential in maintaining hygiene in an abattoir while 23.3% agreed while none of the respondents were neutral, disagreed or strongly disagreed.

The table above shows that majority of the respondent assert that Offal handling is essential in maintaining hygiene in an abbattoir Table further indicates a large majority of around 60% of the respondents strongly agreeing to the fact while 33.3% of the respondents agreed and the remaining percentage of the respondents were neutral.