Research consultancy

3.0 Introduction

This chapter describes the procedures that the researcher will follow while conducting the study. It presents the research design, study area, sample size and sampling technique, data collection instruments, data matrix, data quality control, research procedure, ethical consideration, data processing and analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design because of the nature of the variables that were at hand; to produce data required for quantitative and qualitative analysis and to allow simultaneous description of views, perceptions and opinions at any single point in time (White, 2000). In order to carry out a proper analysis both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in assessing tenant’s willingness to pay for improved environmental amenities in Kira municipality.

3.2 Study Area

The study was conducted in Namugongo-Kira municipality this areas was specifically chosen because. Namugongo is one of the most urbanized areas of people in Kira municipality and also the area has both upper income earners and low income earners therefore the area was not biased since all the classes of people are present in Namugongo and therefore the researcher was able to get a balanced information from all categories of people.

A map showing Namugongo Division Kira Municipality.

MAP OF KIRA MUNICIPALITY SHOWING NAMUGONGO DIVISION

3.3 Study Population.

Target population is the population to which the researcher will ultimately generalize the results. The accessible population for this study will be respondents from Kira municipality. Kira municipality is a large informal settlement. The study population will be 60 respondents which will consist of tenants and landlords within the Kira municipality

3.4 Sample size and sampling technique

3.4.1 Sample size

It is impossible to study the whole targeted population of the study and therefore the researcher took a sample of the population this is also further supported by Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) who notes that a research should choose a sample out of the whole targeted population. A sample is a subset of the population that comprises members selected from the population. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table for sample size determination approach, a sample size of 381 respondents were selected from the total population of 69,637 of the residents (UBOs, 2014).

Table 1: Showing Population and Sample size of respondents

3.4.2 Sampling technique

The researcher used both simple random sampling and purposive sampling

Simple random sampling technique was used to determine the tenants from Kira municipality. This is because the technique provides an equal chance to any of the respondents to be selected and it is free from sampling bias.

Purposive Sampling was used to select key informants particularly landlords/ property owners. This method allowed the researcher to select respondents relevant to the problem under

Investigation in order to provide in depth information and knowledge of a phenomenon of interest.

3.5       Data sources

Data collected was both primary and secondary.

3.5.1 Primary Data

Primary data was collected from respondents through issue of questionnaires. Some of the respondents who were not able to interpret and follow the questions in the questionnaires were guided by the researcher and deliver the required information.

3.5.2    Secondary Data

This was mainly done through literature reviews, information obtained mainly from publications including Journals, Newspapers, Articles obtained from internet, text books and from the Researcher’s daily experiences.

3.6Data collection methods/ tools

3.6.1 Questionnaires

The researcher used questionnaires as data collection instrument. These questionnaires was administered by the researcher herself for purpose of explaining to the respondents the reason for the research and receive appropriate and reliable information from the respondents

3.6.2 Interview guide

The researcher interviewed the respondents which helped to collect data from respondents. Face to face discussions was conducted by researcher together with respondents in order to get first hand information necessary for the study.

3.6.3 Observation:

This approach involves the researcher making regular visits and surveys to the study area to analyse the existing situation. This approach was applied where necessary more especially where confirmation is required to supplement the data collected from various sources.

3.6 Data matrix table

3.7 Data quality control

The data collection tools were pre-tested on a smaller number of respondents from each category of the population to ensure that the questions are accurate.

3.8.1 Validity

Validity is defined as the extent to which results can be accurately interpreted and generalized to other populations (Oso & Onen, 2008). While Borg & Gall, 1989 as cited in Onyinkwa, (2013) validity is defined as the degree to which results obtained by the research instrument correctly represented to the phenomenon understudy and Mugenda & Mugenda, (1999) as the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences which are based on the research results.

Amin, (2005) recommended minimum CVI of 0.7 to be used. Validity was tested using content validity index which involved judges scoring the relevancy of the questions in the instruments in relation to the study variables.

The formula for Content Validity Index was;

CVI =

Where CVI = content validity

n= number of items indicated relevant.

N = total no. of items in the instrument

In this study, validity was achieved by establishing content validity. The researcher achieved content validity by using the experts to assess the validity of the research instrument. The experts especially research supervisors and consultants from Kyambogo University were given data collection tools to assess whether the items in the instruments were valid in relation to research topic, objectives, and questions. From the instruments they declared some items valid and others invalid. Those declared invalid were dropped, others adjusted, while the valid ones were maintained.  Then content validity index (CVI) was computed by dividing the number of items declared valid by total number of items/questions in the data collection instrument.

Table 3.2 shows the content validity index (CVI) of the research instruments

Source: primary data

 Therefore, CVI =0.77(77%).

From table 3.2, CVI was 0.77(77%), and this was very good.  According to Waner (2005), as cited in Barifaijo, Basheka and Oonyu (2010), if the CVI is greater than 0.7, then the instrument is said to have a high content validity. The researcher analysed the data collected and where need arose, the instruments were re-adjusted and re-designed to improve reliability and validity. To improve face validity a pilot study was carried out at in Namugongo.

3.8.2 Reliability

According to Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) reliability is the measure of the extent to which research instruments are able to provide the same results upon being tested repeatedly. Crobach’s coefficient alpha (a) as recommended by Amin, (2005, P.302) will be used to test the reliability of the research instrument. The instrument is deemed reliable if reliable of 0.7 and above is obtained and therefore, it was adopted for use in the data collection.

Formula for reliability is

=       ( )

Where  = alpha reliability co efficiency.

K=Number of items included in the questionnaire

= sum of variance of individual items

= variance of all items in the instrument.

To ensure credibility and trust worthiness of qualitative data the researcher will ensure that only the officials who are employees of Namugongo were interviewed.

The coefficient ranges between a=0.00 for no reliability, a =1.00 for perfect reliability. The closer alpha gets to 1.0 the better. If the study findings result to Cronbanch’s Alpha of 0.7 and above, this signified that research instrument is good enough for the study. According to Amin (2005), all the measurements in the instrument that show adequate levels of internal consistency of cronbach’s alpha of 0.77 and above are accepted as reliable.

Overall reliability= 4.621/6 =0.77 (77%)

The table 3.3 shows reliability of instruments on different variable, with an average Alpha of 0.77(77%), and this was good enough for the study according to Mugenda &Mugenda (1999) and Amin, (2003).

3.8 Research Procedure

The proposal of the study was developed under the guidance of the supervisor and it was presented for vetting in December, 2020. Once the proposal was approved, the researcher obtained an introductory letter from the Head of Department, Land and Architectural Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Kyambogo University introducing her to the LC 1 chairperson of Namugongo Division in Kira municipality Village. Data was collected by the researcher herself with the guide in the LC chairperson on the appointed dates.

3.9 Ethical considerations

All respondents were assured of confidentiality and the purpose of the research being academic were declared and explained in advance to all respondents.  An introduction letter was delivered to all respondents to ask for permission. Identity of respondents was not required on the questionnaire.  All respondents were skilfully and professionally approached.

3.10 Data Processing, analysis and Presentation

After data collection, data was organized for processing and later prepared for analysis which involved sorting, editing and coding before entering it into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 21.0). Thereafter, the data was presented through the generation of frequency tables.

3.11 Anticipated Limitations

1. There is likelihood of some targeted groups not providing the researcher with the required data due to the wish to enjoy high levels of confidentiality.
2. Some of the targeted respondents may not easily be accessed or may not willing to give of their time to sit through an interview due to their tight schedules of works.

• Lastly but not least time factor is going to be a challenge due to various schedules of work, as this research will be conducted alongside class-studies.

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents data that was collected using questionnaires and interviews. In the same chapter, data is interpreted and analysed along four themes namely; to identify the various environmental amenities that attracts tenants, to investigate the effects of demand shifters and tenants willingness to pay for improved living and to identify the social-economic attributes of tenants that influence willingness to pay for.

4.1 Bio data of the respondents

This section introduces the findings of the study in relation to the bio data of the respondents.

4.1.1 Gender of the respondents

This section of the study was to find information on the gender of the respondents as indicated in the questionnaire. This was entered into the SPSS system and later used to generate the frequencies and percentages.

Table 4.2: Response rate

The study represents that the questionnaire issued was 52 (100%) while the questionnaire returned was 48 (92%). This response rate was good since according to Amin, (2010) any response rate above 70% is valid and should considered to carry out the study.

Table 4.3: Gender of respondents

Source: Primary Data

According to the study results as indicated in the table 4.1 above, majority 55% (26) of the respondents were male and the remaining 45% (21) were female.

4.1.2 Age bracket of the respondents

This section presents the age brackets of the respondents. This was done to gain a basis of whether the respondents were mature enough and their responses could be relied on for a study like this. This is presented in frequency form and percentage of the respondents.

Table 4.4: Age brackets of the respondents

Source: Primary Data

The study results indicate that majority, 46% (23) were in between 31-50 years of age. This therefore indicates that majority of the respondents were mature and therefore they could give reliable information regarding the subject matter. However, the responses of those below the above age were also taken seriously and considered in the overall presentation of research findings.

Table 4.5: Educational level of respondents

The study results indicates that majority 70% of the people in Namaugongo had Tertiary institutions qualifications, while only 4.17% had primary school level. This study therefore indicates that majority of the people in Namugongo are well educated.

4.1.3 Marital status of the respondents

The respondents’ marital status was investigated and the results presented in terms of percentages and frequencies.

Table 4.6: Marital status of the respondents

Source: primary data

According to the findings in the table 4.3 above, majority 58.1% (28%) of the respondents were married, 25.3% (12) were divorced while 16.6% (8) were married. This characteristic of the respondents enabled the research to ensure that the respondents had probably had an encounter with students either as professionals or parents in a given capacity.

Table 4.7: Findings on duration of stay at Namugongo

According to the study results it has been indicated that majority 66.7% of the respondents have stayed at Namugongo for 7years and above. This results also further indicates that majority of the respondents had stayed long enough in Namugongo and therefore they can answer the questions asked from an informed point of view.

Table 4.8: Number of people living in house hold

According to the results from the study it was evident that majority of people live in households of in between 5-10 people in the same house. This also implies that people in this area live in squeezed area with many people in a small house.

4.2 Various social amenities that attracts people in Namugongo

The respondents’ views concerning the To identify the various environmental amenities that needs to be improved in the study area Table 4.2. The variables were measured using 9 items scored on a five-point Likert scale of 1=strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3=Uncertain, 4=Agree, 5= Strongly agree. The mean value was measured using SPSS to indicate the Likert scale.

Table 4.9: Social amenities that attracts people in Namugongo

In the study in analysing the different environmental amenities it was observed that majority of the respondents asserted that the tenants attracted to stay in a specific place because of the drainage system. This results therefore shows the Drainage system is one of the most important key dimension of environmental amenity and further shows that in order for Namugongo Division to attract more tenants it must have good drainage system in place.

This view was also shared by one of the respondents during the interviews who indicated that;

“People do not like flooded areas and most people in Namugongo are attracted to stay in specific areas where there is good drainage system because they water a place were water and dirty materials does not enter their houses”.

Still on the same view one of the property managers also further indicated that;

“I find it difficult to convince people to stay in flood prone areas and people always shun those places therefore it is better for the government to completely work on the drainage systems of Namugongo to increase the value of our buildings so that tenants can pay us good money”.

The study findings also indicates that majority of the respondents stated to the fact that Tenants need clean drinking water before they stay in a place. This was indicated by the high mean value of 4.2 indicating that tenants are mainly attracted to stay in a place because of the clean drinking water available and when there is water available they may relocate their place of residence.

This study findings was also further reported by one of the property managers during the interview who stated that;

“Water is key in attracting tenants in staying a specific place each time you get a customer they first ask a question if you have a water point in a nearby place and if it clean for human drinking and when people discover that there is no water nearby they shun the building”.

Table results above shows that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that Proper waste disposal attracts tenants in an area. This study results further shows that Namugongo Division must have a proper waste disposal mechanism to ensure that it attracts tenants and it also further indicates that waste disposal is critical in enhancing the quality of life of the residents and therefore it attracts them in staying in the area.

In one of the interviews one of the respondents reported that;

“People want to stay in a clean environment and therefore in order to attract them the government needs to work on waste disposal mechanism of Namugongo since most tenants shun areas which have poor waste disposal methods”.

In the study findings majority of the respondents strongly agreed that Sanitation facilities is one of the critical reasons for attracting tenants to staying in an area, it also further indicates that sanitation is important to the tenants and if Namugongo is to attract more people then it must improve on the sanitation as this improves on the quality of life of the people in the area.

This was also indicated by one of the property managers during the interviews that;

“People want clean environment and they pay rend basing on the sanitation of the area when the place is dirty and untidy they do not stay in such a place as they find it unhealthy to stay in such a place”.

The study results from the table shows that majority of the respondents indicated that having clean drinking water is imperative in attracting tenants to stay in a specific place. This results therefore as one of the most important environmental amenity, people are attracted to stay in a place like Namugongo because of the clean drinking water.

In one of the interviews it was also further reported by one of the interviewees that;

“water is one of the most important aspects of life and tenants cannot rent a place with no clean drinking water”.

4.3 Demand shifters and tenants willingness to pay for improved living.

The respondents’ views concerning the to identify the Demand shifters and tenants willingness to pay for improved living as indicated in Table 4.3. The variables were measured using 5 items scored on a five-point Likert scale of 1=strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3=Uncertain, 4=Agree, 5= strongly agree. The mean value was measured using SPSS to indicate the Likert scale.

Table 4.10: Demand shifters that affect tenants’ willingness to pay

The findings in the study indicates that majority of the respondents stated that cost of the education is very critical in attracting the people to stay in a specific are. The table further shows that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that incomes of the neighbours are very instrumental in determining the location strategy of the people, this is evident by the fact that the mean value was 4.5.

This view was also shared by one of the councillors in the area who indicated that;

“People stay in areas were they can have schools for their children that is affordable and mostly kindergarten schools”.

According to the findings in the study it was also further revealed that majority of the respondents disagreed with the statement that People are attracted to stay in a place due to the incomes of the neighbours of the area. However this results contradicted with the interview from one of the local leaders who stated that;

“Rich people normally want to stay in a place where they find their fellow rich colleagues”.

The findings in the table also further shows that majority of the respondents indicates that most of the respondents indicated that price of goods has a big influence on the determining the decision of the people in staying in a specific place.

“It was also further reported by one of the chairperson L.C I that when the price of goods are a high in a specific are people tend to shun such areas because they feel that life is expensive in such area”.

Respondents also agreed that the cost of medical services also determines the decision of the people in staying in a given place if the medical services are expensive few people will stay in a specific place.

“Places where the cost of medical services are high people do not stay in such areas because they may fail to provide health care services to their children and therefore they shun such areas”.

4.4 Income on tenants’ willingness to pay for improved environmental amenities

The respondents’ views concerning the investigate the influence of income on tenants’ willingness to pay for improved environmental amenities

s Table 4.3. The variables were measured using 5 items scored on a five-point Likert scale of 1=strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3=Uncertain, 4=Agree, 5= Strongly agree. The mean value was measured using SPSS to indicate the Likert scale.

Table 4.11: income on tenants’ and willingness to pay for improved environmental amenities

Findings from the table also indicates that Rich people prefer to stay in environmentally hygienic places. This study results further shows that the richer someone is the more likely they prefer to stay in an environmentally hygienic place.

This was also further reported by one of the property managers who indicated that;

“Those with high income want to stay in a place which is clean and has the necessary amenities like good drainage system, clean and has water inside the building unlike their single male colleagues who want to stay in cheap places”.

Table results also further indicates that “The wealth of person and their ages brackets influences their choice of renting a specific place” influences their choice on the place where they stay young people have specific preferences which is different from the old people.

This view was also share by one of the property managers who stated that;

“Young people want to stay in a place which is good for small but clean and posh looking unlike old people who prefer to stay in quite large places”.

Table results also indicates that “Married people of high income have a different preference of choice of residence from other people” The wealthy married people have specific preferences which is different from the single people.

During the interview session one of the local leaders also stated that;

“Married rich people always want large houses which are located in a quiet and clean place unlike their single counter parts who value beauty of a place than the size of the building”.

Table results also indicates that majority of the respondents agreed that wealth and Educational level of the tenant is one of the big influences on their choice of stay. This therefore indicates people who are educated have specific preference on the choice of stay different from those who are uneducated.

In one of the interview sessions one of the respondents reported that;

“People who are highly educated have a specific preference for choice of residence than the uneducated people”.

The table results also further indicates that majority of the residents state that the “The salary that someone is paid affects their choice of residence” this results therefore further indicates that the more someone is paid the salary, the more they desire for good places of settlement. This also further shows that the salary is imperative for someone to stay in a specific place.

The respondents however disagreed that Length of Stay determines one’s stay in a specific place. This therefore indicates that the length at which someone has stayed in a specific place does not determine their choice of stay.

It was also reported during the interviews that;

“People’s choice of renting a place is dependent on the duration to which they are going to stay in a specific place when they are going to stay in a specific place for long their choice of place varies”.

The results also indicates that majority of the respondents indicated that the Family Size that someone has. It is very influential in determining the family size of the respondents.

“From the study results it was also further indicated that the size of the family affects the choice of the person on the residence”.

On the question of “People choose a place to stay depending on their income” the mean value was 4.01 indicating that majority of the respondents agreed with the statement. This was also further supported by the response from one of the respondents who indicated that;

“people of high income want to stay amongst themselves and they do not want to stay with poor people this therefore drives the rent of specific place especially if the place only has rich people”.

5.0 Introduction

This section presents discussion, conclusion and recommendations;

5.1 Discussion

This section of the study presents the discussion of the study in line with other scholars;

5.1.1 Various environmental amenities that attracts tenants

In analysing the different environmental amenities it was observed that majority of the respondents asserted that the tenants attracted to stay in a specific place because of the drainage system. This results therefore shows the Drainage system is one of the most important key dimension of environmental amenity and further shows that in order for Namugongo Division to attract more tenants it must have good drainage system in place and this findings was also further supported by  Kuhl et al. (2010)  Intensification of human activity causes increasing occurrence of polluting substances in water environment. This attracts attention of political organizations, environ-mentalists and the society. It is also indicated that poor drainage system leads to flooding something that affects the human settlement.

The study results also further indicated that Proper waste disposal attracts tenants in an area, this view was also further shared by Hall, (2010) who indicated that the major challenge in most urban areas is increasing solid waste generations which are the major cause of poor environmental amenities and improper disposal and this affects human settlement.

5.1.2 Effects of demand shifters on tenants’ willingness to pay for improved living

The study results also indicates that majority of the respondents stated that the cost of the education is very critical in attracting the people to stay in a specific are, the respondents indicate that people are attracted to stay in an area where the cost of education is low and therefore

Cost of Educational services; this variable is taken to capture the number of years the respondent spent informal school system. Education is expected to have positive and significant effect environmental quality Thus, the longer period the individual spent in formal school system, the more likely that he/she would be willing to pay more for environmental quality. The household respondents who had attained secondary, post-secondary and graduate level education were more willing to pay for improved solid waste secondary and graduate level education were more willing to pay for improved solid waste management (Okot, 2012).

In line to the study findings it has been reported that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that incomes of the neighbours are very instrumental in determining the location strategy of the people, this  view was also further in line with the findings of Umeh & Oladejo, (2015) who indicates that houses in the urban areas are not only a consumption good but also an investment good, reflected by the rental values of houses  and therefore people tend to rent in the area with like minded people.

The findings in the table also further shows that majority of the respondents indicates that most of the respondents indicated that price of goods has a big influence on the determining the decision of the people in staying in a specific place, this view was also shared by Zoppi, Argiolas, & Lai, 2015)  who indicates that the price of goods and services are one of the major determinants of the choice of the people in staying in a specific place and on the same note (Rosen, 1974) indicates that the theory of hedonic price functions a framework for analysis of differentiated goods like Hedonic pricing models housing units, whose individual features do not have observable market prices.

Respondents also agreed that the cost of medical services also determines the decision of the people in staying in a given place if the medical services are expensive few people will stay in a specific place. The cost of medical services has also been discovered as the main determinant of the choice of people in staying a in a specific place.

5.1.3 Income on tenants’ willingness to pay for improved environmental amenities

The study results indicates that the agreement by the majority of the respondents that rich people prefer to stay in environmentally hygienic places was also shared by   ( (Newell, Pizer, & Raimi, 2019) who indicates that people of High income prefer to stay in places with good hygiene and the same view was also further shared by Addai and Danso-Abbeam, (2014) who indicated that in New York it was discovered that the female professionals with high incomes rented places with high end area.

In the study findings it was also further revealed that the wealth and Age of the tenant influences their choice on the place where they stay young people have specific preferences which is different from the old people, this view was also further shared by Afroz, et al. (2009) who indicated that in a study in the South African city of Johannesburg it was revealed that young adult professional always preferred to stay in luxurious places with good security and it was also further revealed that the older people always preferred to stay in the outskirts of the city.

It was also discovered that the wealth and marital status of the respondents influences their choice of stay in a specific place. The married have specific preferences which is different from the single people, this view was also further shared by Aggrey and Douglason, (2010) who indicates that the wealthy married couples usually prefer to stay in in houses with big spaces while single people usually rent small spaces due to limited family size.

Table results also indicates that majority of the respondents agreed that Educational level of the tenant is one of the big influences on their choice of stay. This therefore indicates people who are educated have specific preference on the choice of stay different from those who are uneducated, this view was also indicated by Newell, Pizer, & Raimi, (2019) who indicates the number of years the household has been living in the area. This is expected to influence the willingness to pay in the positive direction, since the longer the year the household has been there, the more they would understand the problem of environment of that area, and the more they would be willing to pay for improvement in the environmental quality

The study results also further indicates that majority of the respondents indicated that the Family Size that someone has. It is very influential in determining the family size of the respondents, this view was also in line with Ooi, Le, & Lee, (2014) who indicates that this variable is expected to have influence positive or negative on the willingness to pay,  In most of the households, number of people living in the house is very key in determining the choice of the tenant in findings a place to rent.

5.3 Conclusion

The study made the following conclusions;

The environmental amenities in Namugongo are increasing challenging and some of the challenging ones include; the drainage system, water flow, waste disposal mechanism and Sanitation facilities.

The study results also further shows that some of critical demand shifters which influence the settlement of people include; the cost of the education, People are attracted to stay in a place due to the incomes of the neighbours of the area, most of the respondents indicated that price of goods has a big influence on the determining the decision of the people in staying in a specific place, the cost of medical services also determines the decision of the people in staying in a given place.

The study indicated that the influence of income on tenants’ willingness to pay for improved environmental amenities included; Rich people prefer to stay in environmentally hygienic places, the wealth of person and their ages brackets influences their choice of renting a specific place, Married people of high income have a different preference of choice of residence from other people, People’s preference of residence in a specific place depends on their wealth and educational level, the salary that someone is paid affects their choice of residence and People choose a place of stay basing on the size of their family.

5.3 Recommendations

The findings in the study made the following recommendations;

Namugongo division leaders should repair the drainage system in the area since this will attract more tenants and increase the sales for the new homes by the property managers and more to that the sanitation facilities also need to be rectified so as the environment is clean.

The study further recommends that Namugongo division leaders should also ensure that there is affordable education systems in the division so as to attract tenants to stay in place and more to that there is also need to provide medical facilities to the people in the area.

There is also need to construct affordable houses in Namugongo division to attract the Tenants in place by specifically provision of the affordable facilities that improve the quality of life of the tenants.