Research proposal

Research proposal

COMMUNITY AWARENESS TO S.O.P.S IN MINIMIZING THE

SPREAD OF COVID-19

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Introduction

This chapter presents background of the study, the problem statement, purpose, objectives of the study, research questions, study scope, justification of the study, significance, conceptual framework, as well as operational definition of key terms and concepts.

1.1 Background of the study

Impact of COVID-19 across the global economy will be profound. Already, as described in greater detail in the policy brief ‘Shared responsibility, Global Solidarity’ on the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19, markets and supply chains have been  disrupted, businesses are required to close or scale back operations, and millions have or will lose their jobs and livelihoods.2   ILO has estimated that full or partial lockdown measures now affect almost 2.7 billion workers, represent- ing around 81% of the world’s workforce, while the IMF projects a significant contraction of global output in 2020. COVID-19 is lurching the world economy towards a global recession, which will be strikingly different from past recessions.

The number of confirmed cases will be increasing rapidly unless we launch several awareness-raising campaigns to bring information on prevention and symptoms of the disease to tens of thousands of people, especially those who live in rural areas with no access to the internet or other information sources to survive the onslaught of COVID-19. Owing to the generous support of Sign of Hope e.V, Relief and Development Peer Foundation (RDP) was able to reach 50,983 individuals through awareness sessions and train 141 community health volunteers (CHVs) on the preventive measures of COVID-19 in 7 districts of Ibb and Taizz governorates. RDP has also provided essential Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to 236 supported FDPs and 9 health facilities in the targeted districts. Besides, 800 packs of masks and gloves were being distributed while raising awareness for the public

The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to smaller aerosols. Current evidence suggests that the virus spreads mainly between people who are in close contact with each other, typically within 1 metre (short-range). A person can be infected when aerosols or droplets containing the virus are inhaled or come directly into contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth and The virus can also spread in poorly ventilated and/or crowded indoor settings, where people tend to spend longer periods of time. This is because aerosols remain suspended in the air or travel farther than 1 metre (long-range). People may also become infected by touching surfaces that have been contaminated by the virus when touching their eyes, nose or mouth without cleaning their hands.Following the initial outbreak in China, in early January 2020, COVID-19 began rapidly spreading across all regions of the world, achieving a pandemic status. Flattening the contagion curve became a priority in many countries in an attempt to reduce the load on the healthcare system and the overall mortality rate. Several countries enacted shelter-in-place and social distancing measures to reduce interpersonal contact and mobility in order to curb transmission of the virus. This was often implemented through massive “stay at home” media campaigns aimed at altering citizens’ habits. While the health measures enacted have been, by and large, homogeneous across countries, compliance with these rules varied widely with local context. In the absence of perfect enforcement capacity by states, cultural attitudes and behavioral norms, which typically vary from country to country, can make an important difference and explain deviations in voluntary compliance. This is all the more true when it comes to individual mobility decisions, which entail a delicate trade-off between the chance of contracting (or diffusing) a disease and the economic (and individual well-being) costs associated with significant alterations of daily activities (Salzberger, Glück, & Ehrenstein, 2020).

People who live in a community often have common interests and values. This is why organizations develop different ways of handling challenges of pandemics in line with the community’s interest and their way of life. Community awareness often refers to the degree that people generally know about each other, about social norms and people’s different roles within the community, and about issues that affect the community (Aldila,  et al.,  2020).

Community awareness is essential as it enable the community to reduce on their resentment towards specific laws that the government may have put in place. Having a proper community awareness is very critical towards achieving community acceptance of given laws and policies and this increases community participation towards their common cause, Community awareness as describe by Hill is the best way where in family elders recognize their role in the family& recognize their personal capabilities and strengths& appreciate their responsibilities in the community regarding a specific activity in the community (Prandi et al., 2020).

Awareness of any pandemic is very essential to the community as it enables the community to be prepared and provide the support to the vulnerable population to help in reducing the risk of the disease spreading further to other members.  In early 2020, the COVID-19 (caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus) pandemic shocked the world, almost bringing it to an unprecedented stop.  The new coronavirus apparently started to spread in China during December 2019, before moving  to Thailand, Japan, the Republic of Korea (first confirmed cases on 20 January  2020), then to the United  States, Vietnam, Singapore , and, at the end of January 2020, to Australia, Nepal, Europe (first cases in France on 25 January 2020 and later in Germany, Finland, Italy, Malaysia, Canada, the Middle East, and other  countries of the Western Pacific Region and South-East Asia Region, and (3) onwards to Russia, Africa, and Latin America.  On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 a pandemic.  By 31 July 2020, COVID-19 had spread across 217+ countries and territories, with almost 17.1 million confirmed cases and 668,073 deaths. America then had confirmed 9.15 million  cases, Europe 3.31 million,  South-East Asia  2 million, Eastern Mediterranean 1.53 million, Africa  0.75 million, and  the  Western Pacific 0.31 million cases.

1.2 Statement of the problem

COVID-19 has been ravaging the different communities in Uganda and as of to August 2021, there is still cases of COVID-19 deaths in Ugandan. Currently in Uganda there has been 119,000 cases of corona virus with a total of 2,968 deaths, despite the government of Uganda continuous community awareness strategies the corona virus cases have been rising in the country. This therefore has made many researchers to question community awareness, adherence to S.O.P.S in minimizing the spread of Covid-19

1.3 General Objective

Community Awareness on minimizing the spread of COVID-19

1.4 Objectives

19. To examine the different ways of minimizing the spread of COVID-19.
20. To investigate challenges of fighting COVID-19 to the Ugandan communities in Uganda.

• To examine the impacts of COVID-19 to Ugandan communities.

1.5 Research questions

1. What are the different ways of minimizing the spread of COVID-19?
2. What are the challenges of fighting COVID-19 to the Ugandan communities in Uganda?

• What are the impacts of COVID-19 to Ugandan communities?

1.6 Scope of the study

This section will include the content, geographical, time scope.

1.6.1 Content scope

The study will concentrate on the variables of awareness, adherence, minimizing the spread of COVID-19.

1.6.2 The geographical scope

The study will be carried out in Mukono, Town Uganda. .

1.6.3 Time scope

The period of data considered will be from 2020 to 2021.

1.7 significance of the study

The study will provide information regarding the role of self-management in minimizing the spread of COVID-19 in the community.

The study will provide information to the Government on the influence of self-motivation in minimizing the spread of COVID-19.

The study will also enable the future academicians find information regarding the roles of Putting on a mask, washing Hands on minimizing the spread of COVID-19.

The study will also provide necessary information regarding the influence of culture on minimizing the spread of COVID-19.

CHAPTER TWO

LITEATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This section presents discussion to the study topic in line with the view of other scholars, however it will specifically include; to examine the different ways of minimizing the spread of COVID-19, to investigate challenges of fighting COVID-19 to the Ugandan communities in Uganda and eo examine the impacts of COVID-19 to Ugandan communities.

2.1 The different ways of minimizing the spread of COVID-19

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses belonging to the family of Coronaviridae, which infect both animals and humans. Human coronaviruses can cause mild disease similar to a common cold, while others cause more severe disease (such as MERS – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and SARS – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). A new coronavirus that previously has not been identified in humans emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019.Signs and symptoms include respiratory symptoms and include fever, cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome and sometimes death. Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 include frequent cleaning of hands using alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water; covering the nose and mouth with a flexed elbow or disposable tissue when coughing and sneezing; and avoiding close contact with anyone that has a fever and cough.

WHO is working closely with global experts, governments and partners to rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus and to provide timely advice on measures to protect people’s health and prevent the spread of this outbreak. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is need to advocate and support healthcare professionals to continue promoting mental health care and healthy lifestyles. Governments that have not yet done so, are encouraged to promote physical exercise, daily walks, and access to family-friendly community spaces, while maintaining social distancing measures. The promotion of healthy eating is to be emphasized, considering the reduction in energy expenditure and physical activity that has occurred due to confinement. At the same time, warning the population not to overdo physical activity is also essential. As for the management of chronic diseases, we must urgently ensure that patient contact is not lost. This can be achieved by promoting the use of remote consultations and seeking additional strategies to accompany patients in their care, such as family involvement.

Epidemiological data has shown that older patients with chronic conditions are at high risk of severe and critical illness from COVID-19, resulting in high mortality (Ying yang, 2020). Therefore, it is even more important to highlight the need for effective communication with patients while providing adequate self-management support, including advice on self-monitoring and early detection of worsening symptoms, as well as establishing point of contact for any health need. These measures could contribute to reducing exacerbations, avoidable hospitalizations, and associated healthcare costs. This will be also important during post-confinement periods to avoid symptoms of post-traumatic stress and the progression of the severity of chronic diseases (WHO, 2020).

The COMPAR-EU project, currently in the analysis stage, is examining the comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of self-management interventions and we do not yet know which self-management strategies are most effective and cost-effective to provide good guidance to stakeholders. However, we know that there is substantial evidence from hundreds of systematic reviews supporting the effectiveness of different types of remote interventions for several types of outcomes. Many of these describe positive results in short-term interventions that can be of value in the context of COVID-19 (Prostep, 2015).

Regarding the scope of implementation, most of these interventions can be carried out by a range of healthcare professionals, especially from primary care, including doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, dietitians, psychologists, and others. The wide scope of healthcare professionals who can implement these interventions can improve the distribution of the burden of care in the current context of scarce resources. Intervention outcomes, within the context of COVID-19, should prioritize patient activation and self-efficacy, psychological wellbeing, maintaining healthy lifestyles, self-monitoring and early detection of worsening symptoms, ensuring adherence to treatments, and reducing avoidable hospitalizations. When implementing non-face-to-face interventions, it is essential to ensure a variety of security measures including informed consent, confidentiality, and accurate patient identification (Glosh, Gupta & Misra, 2020). Published recommendations regarding the use of telehealth in the context of a global emergency should also be taken into account (Smith et al., 2020). Finally, we need to consider that the type of support provided is aligned with the patients’ needs and tailored to their health literacy level, considering several means of remote delivery and avoiding digital inequities, particularly with older people.

People have been practicing self-care for thousands of years. Now an increase in self-care interventions is shifting the way health care is perceived, understood and accessed, and adding to the many medicines, diagnostics, and technologies available for people to use themselves. Physical distancing, good respiratory hygiene and hand washing are important examples of self-care actions you can take every day to protect against COVID-19, and there are many other areas in which self-care can make a difference to your health and well-being during the coronavirus disease pandemic, including for your sexual and reproductive health.

2.2 Challenges of fighting COVID-19 to the Ugandan communities

The diversity and biological nature of global disasters are growing in frequency and severity along with rapid changes in new social patterns – such as diversity of social cultures, frequency of human movement, and convenience of communication and transportation. The frequency of various types of disasters has become a worldwide concern in the 21st century. Societies with a high risk of natural, human-induced, and biological disasters now have a heightened awareness and prevention efforts have necessarily become a collective responsibility of the public.

The seriousness of the biological disaster COVID-19 outbreak has required all countries to engage in extensive prevention efforts. The policies of isolation, quarantine, social-distancing and area lockdowns have been adopted by many countries. Insufficient and inaccurate information regarding COVID-19 has created a global panic which only serves to compound the problem. Prevailing anxiety has reduced social as well as economic activities with severe impact on individuals’ quality of life and employment opportunities.

A global health expert at the University of Edinburgh, has warned of “the Black Hole Effect” that the biological disaster may be caused by COVID-19. The concern that the media will focus on medical resources, research networks, economic benefits, national security, whereas other areas such as the restoration of interpersonal relationships, economic recovery, and social reconstruction may be neglected. This pandemic will seriously affect the operations of government agencies and the lives of every person.

The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasized the value of transnational resources integration. expanding the development of epidemic prevention strategies and using comprehensive actions such as citizen governance and humanistic community-health programs. All countries need to publicize their COVID-19 circumstances, share epidemic-prevention information, and immediately conduct relevant research to develop effective epidemic-control strategies. In addition, it is critical to evaluate public-health epidemic prevention capabilities, organize required resources for disease prevention, deescalate political conflicts, address issues of government coercion, and support community health self-management.

During the pandemic, medically trained personnel, as the backbone of epidemic prevention and first-line providers of infection control, endured heavy workloads, high risks of infection and unprecedented work pressures.  In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the role of the private sector has often been neglected in healthcare by international public health communities and governments.  Private community pharmacies provide a significant service in healthcare. Further, in most LMICs, private pharmacies are broadly established and provide the initial point and preferred channel through which members of the community are able to obtain medications and healthcare services for the majority of the population in developing countries, including Egypt, as only 23 of 60,000 pharmacies are government owned.

The important value of private pharmacies was further highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. However, pharmacies were unable to fulfil their classic role in healthcare as a source of medication, as pharmaceutical measures such as a COVID-19 vaccines and antiviral medicines were not available at time of writing and will not be widely available for a long time. In the current absence of medical treatment and vaccination, the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic can only be brought under control by significant, rapid and widespread behavioral changes. Social and administrative science data could help mitigate the COVID-19 crisis to provide insight into public perceptions of risk, protective behaviors and preparedness measures, public trust and knowledge as well as misinformation. The methods of communication and channels of information used by the populace are changing on a continual basis; it is now of the utmost importance that social science research incorporates information from social media, as many authorities, including the WHO, use this to reach out to people.

2.2 The impacts of COVID-19 to Ugandan communities

For the single mother in South Sudan, COVID-19 lockdown measures have paused her small business that brings food to the table. For the domestic worker in Guatemala, the pandemic has meant no job and no unemployment benefits or other protection.  The spread of COVID-19 has left countries hit by the pandemic little choice but to shut down their economies. To “flatten the curve” ad preserve hospital viability, many countries have imposed lockdowns and strict forms of social distancing. Additionally, they have launched vast media campaigns aimed at alerting citizens about the risk of contracting the virus, but also to persuade them to consider the negative impact of their own mobility on others in the case of being asymptomatic carriers. Indeed, in the context of a pandemic, individual mobility creates a negative externality, since it increases the chance that others may contract the disease, and every social distancing effort by one individual generates a public good that benefits the community at large. Understanding how cultural norms influence citizens’ mobility choices is therefore important to determine what policies may be most effective against the pandemic. Given the limited capacity of the state to enforce lockdowns and the impossibility to maintain such extreme measures for long, citizens’ voluntary compliance with social distancing rules is key to slow the spread of the virus and save lives (Greenstone and Nigam, 2020; Stock, 2020).

Isolating the effect of culture is difficult due to potential local confounding factors that may also have an independent effect on compliance and mobility. To tackle this, we control for cantonal demographic, health, and socio-economic characteristics prior to the pandemic and interact them with time dummies to address their effect on the evolution of mobility patterns beyond that of culture. Public health is an inter-disciplinary field which is informed by academic research in medical, educational, economic, political and cultural areas. One area of specialization is synthesizing this research into strategies to improve human health. Including information and resources to address epidemic prevention. During the influenza outbreak in 2017, WHO published the “Pandemic Influenza Risk Management” document which highlighted different social-cultural contexts and relationship dynamics that result in people having different perceptions of risks and various trusted sources of health advice.

It is critical that medical services, epidemic specializations and community awareness efforts work together in understanding the epidemiologic triangle. This need is especially urgent in times of rising threats, such as infectious diseases, that deeply affect lifestyles and threaten human survival. Combining comprehensive risk management, all-hazards, multisectoral and multidisciplinary approaches can establish trust based on cooperation and effective communicative systems that empower community awareness. With people-centered communal engagement, we can allocate and make efficient use of local resources in carrying out the risk assessments and establishing community resilience. Thus, we can effectively eliminate the threat of infectious diseases. The major outbreak of infectious diseases deeply impacts national security, the economy, culture and vulnerabilities in the health systems. WHO listed COVID-19 community risk management as a key consideration for enhancing community resilience and practicing sustainable development in epidemic-prevention community building in the Risk Communication and Community Engagement Action Plan Guidance. The COVID-19 pandemic currently poses a global threat. Without vaccines or effective drugs, measures based on biological safety, such as quarantine, sanitation, and sterilization, are the prevention strategies currently available. Taiwan employs quarantine as a biological-safety strategy to intercept infected individuals from overseas and isolate them from their communities.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter provides justifications of the methodology that will be used for the study. The research design and analytical path of any research project should have a specific methodological direction based on its research objectives and framework. Provided is therefore a scientific process that will be followed to examine the community awareness in minimizing the spread of covid-19. They include the research design, study population area, sample size, sampling techniques and procedure, data collection methods, data collection instruments, validity and reliability, data quality control, data analysis, data measurements, ethical considerations and limitations of the study.

3.1 Research Design

According to Fisher (2007), a research design is defined as a detailed outline of how an investigation takes place. The study will adopt a descriptive survey design which will provide descriptions of the variables to answer the research questions. This study will use one approach qualitative research design.  The choice of this technique is also guided by the fact that the study aims at generating findings, which would facilitate a general understanding and interpretation of the problem.

3.2 Study population and Area

The study will focus on Adult community members, adults and children in Mukono and Mukono Trading centres.

3.3 Sampling techniques

This study will employ probability sampling techniques. Probability sampling techniques will include Convenience sampling which will be used to select Adults and children.

3.4 Determination of the sample size

The study will determine the sample size basing on the Krecie and morgan technique of sample size determination.

3.5.0 Data sources and collection instrument

Majorly, two types of data sources – primary and secondary will be used for this study

3.5.1 Data sources, Collection Procedure and Instruments

Two types of data namely primary and secondary data will be used to collect data using different methods. Primary data will be collected using observation Guides and direct interviews.

3.5.2 Secondary data sources

Secondary sources of data that will be reviewed include scholarly books, magazines, dissertations journals and articles. This source is useful in collecting data from already written literature for example e-books, journals, published articles and periodicals as part of literature review. Documentary resources will be classified in order to facilitate the data collection and textual analysis (Mubazi, 2008).

3.6 Data Collection Methods and Instruments

The study will adopt a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data will be collected using interview guides and observation guides.

3.6.2 Interviews

According to Ahuja (2009), an interview is a two-person conversation initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research-related information. It focuses on the content specified by the research objectives, description and explanation. An interview guide, which is referred to as a set of questions for which answers, will be used by a researcher to interview respondents. The use of this tool gives the researcher control over the line of questioning hence time saving.  The purpose of the interview explained, including reassuring respondents of confidentiality of the information provided.

3.6.3 Observation guides

Observation checklist will be used to collect more in-depth data on the topic under investigation. The checklist will be used to provide in-depth qualitative information which may not be possible to collect with the interview and give the researcher to observe what is on the ground and make good conclusions.

3.8 Data collection procedure

The researcher will obtain a recommendation and an introductory letter from Uganda martyrs university, after which she will seek permission from the different respondents in Mukono and Mukono.

3.9 Data Quality Control of the Instrument

3.9.1 Reliability of the questionnaire

According Bruton (2000), reliability is established by testing the instruments for the reliability of values (Cronbatch, 1946) and analysis for Alpha values for each variable under study. Sekaran (2001), notes that Alpha values for each variable under study should not be less than 0.6 for the statements in the instruments to be deemed reliable. To ensure that all variables are subjected to this test, the researcher will use the internal consistency method that provides a unique estimate of reliability for the given test administrations. The most popular internal consistency reliability estimate has been given by Cronbach’s Alpha.

3.9.2 Validity of the questionnaire

After developing the Interview guide, the researcher will contact the supervisor to ensure that the tools to collect the required data is valid. Hence, the researcher will ensure validity of the instruments by using expert judgment method suggested by Gay (1996). Thereafter, research instruments will be refined based on expert advice. The following formula will be used to test the validity index.   CVI= No. of items regarded relevant by judges ,  Total No. of items judged, CVI = Content Validity Index.

3.10 Data Processing and Analysis

This section covers methods of data processing and analysis.

3.11.1 Data Processing

In order to ascertain the accuracy, consistency, uniformity, proper arrangement and completion of the data, the researcher will use the computer for data entry, editing and data coding. The computer will be used because it increases the speed of computation and data processing and handles huge volumes of data, which is not possible manually. It facilitates copying, editing, saving and retrieving the data easier and validation, checking and correction of data.

3.11 Ethical consideration

Ethical considerations will be taken care of by, first seeking authorization from the Uganda Martys University administration and other relevant authorities.

Further, responses will be optional and respondents will not be given any inducements to participate in the study. Ethical considerations will be taken care of by the researcher by briefing the respondents on the purpose of the research, their relevance in the research process, and expectations from them as explained by Lloyd Bevan (2009).

Informed consent will be ascertained from informants/respondents. They will be promised confidentiality about the information they provide. The researcher will explain to the respondents the purpose of the study as purely academic and that the information obtained will be treated with utmost confidentiality. If anybody other than the University authority is to have access the information, the researcher would first seek the consent of the respondents.

3.12Limitations of the Study

The study may have the following limitations:

1. The researcher may face the challenge of getting respondents consent since most of the residents of Mukono and Mukono are slightly wealthier and may not be able to give attention to the researcher..
2. The respondents may fear to answer questionnaire thinking that they might be spying on them.

• The COVID-19 pandemic is a huge challenge, since most of the residents fear to associate with strangers because of the disease.

REFERENCES

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Prandi, C., Monti, L., Ceccarini, C. and Salomoni, P., 2020. Smart campus: Fostering the community awareness through an intelligent environment. Mobile Networks and Applications, 25(3), pp.945-952.

MacPhail, V.J., Gibson, S.D. and Colla, S.R., 2020. Community science participants gain environmental awareness and contribute high quality data but improvements are needed: insights from Bumble Bee Watch. PeerJ, 8, p.e9141.

Aldila, D., Khoshnaw, S.H., Safitri, E., Anwar, Y.R., Bakry, A.R., Samiadji, B.M., Anugerah, D.A., Gh, M.F.A., Ayulani, I.D. and Salim, S.N., 2020. A mathematical study on the spread of COVID-19 considering social distancing and rapid assessment: The case of Jakarta, Indonesia. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 139, p.110042.

Bhaskar, S., Bradley, S., Israeli-Korn, S., Menon, B., Chattu, V.K., Thomas, P., Chawla, J., Kumar, R., Prandi, P., Ray, D. and Golla, S., 2020. Chronic neurology in COVID-19 era: clinical considerations and recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium. Frontiers in neurology, 11, p.664.

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INTERVIEW GUIDE

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY ADULTS

1. How do people view the idea of putting on masks?
2. Have the locals in this areas ensured that they obey systems of washing hands?
3. Do you leaders find some resitstance in ensuring that people put on masks
4. Do leaders face challenges in ensuring that people maintain a social distance?
5. In what ways do the people view washing hands with the soap and water as a preventive measure of COVID-19?
6. Please can u tell me the reaction of the people towards the curfew time?
7. Comment on the frequency of holding parties in this area?
8. What has been some of the obstacles of enforcing the S.O.Ps in this area in the fight against COVID-19?

Thank you for your time

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE CHILDREN

1. In what ways do the people view washing hands with the soap and water as a preventive measure of COVID-19?
2. Do you like playing with the children from the neighbourhood?
3. How often do you visit the neighbours’ homes and play with their children?
4. Do you move without putting on a mask?
5. Have you been having birthday parties at home?
6. When you move out do you maintain a big distance with others?
7. How do you view maintaining a distance from others?

Thank you for your time

OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOR ADULTS IN MUKONO

MORNING TIME BY 11:00 AM