Research proposal in Uganda

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology which consists of the research design, area of study, study population, sample population and selection, sampling technique, data collection method, data quality control, data collection procedures and limitations of the study.

3.1 Research design

Qualitative research designs were used. The researcher used the above method because many aspects covered in the study concerning the effects of HIV/AIDS and school children in kinawataka village, qualitative research method was used because it collects information within a short time.

3.2 Area of the study

The study was Kinawataka village, Kampala district.

3.3 Study population and sample size

The study targeted teachers, drop out children, head teachers and parents.

3.4 Sample size

According to (Amin, 2005) sampling involves selecting a sample of the population in such a way that samples of the same size have equal chances of being selected.

While carrying out research, purposive sampling was applied to the below different categories of respondents.

3.5 Data Collection Instruments

The major instruments for data collection were questionnaires guide. Surveys were one part of a complete data collection and evaluation strategy. The major method of data collection for the study was survey, which was done using selected instruments like questionnaires.

The questionnaire provided respondents with ample time to comprehend the questions raised and hence, they were able to answer factually.

3.5.1 Questionnaires

The questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. The researcher administered the questionnaires to all the respondents, which were designed basing on study objectives and questions. Respondents filled in the questionnaires themselves. The questionnaires were close ended with likert scales questions.

3.6 Reliability and Validity of data

Data analysis in this study focused on data validity and reliability. To establish the validity of the questions, pre-testing was done amongst the selected categories of respondents. Their comment was incorporated in the final instruments to suit the data requirement of the study. The final amended research instrument was reviewed jointly by the researcher and the supervisor. Reliability was checked using the test – retest practice advocated for by Amin (2005). In other words, the questions were put to course mates and their comments noted, they were then presented to the respondents and their views were compared with those of the course mates. On receipt of the questionnaires, manual editing was be done, followed by coding. Frequency count of different variables was done and this gave the number of occurrences and percentages out of total occurrences.

3. 7 Data collection methods

Source of data was from both primary and secondary sources.

(a) Primary data

Primary data was obtained from the questionnaires administered on the target respondents to gain opinions and practices on effects of HIV/AIDS on school children.

(b) Secondary sources Secondary data is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other than those of a particular research study. It is data developed for some purpose other than for helping to solve the research problem at hand (Bell, 1997). This comprised of literature related to effects of HIV/AIDS on school children in relation to the case study. Secondary data was sourced because it yields more accurate information than that obtained through primary data, and it is also cheaper.

3.8 Data collection procedures

Upon receiving the University permission to carry out research, the area of study was visited for purposes of familiarization.  The researcher sought permission from staff and once allowed to proceed with research, questionnaires were issued and an interview was carried out with the selected staff.

3.9 Quality control of data instruments

The instrument was taken to the supervisor to check its correctness there after pilot study was carried out to find out if it measures what it is meant for.

3.10 Data processing and analysis

The raw data was coded, edited, and arranged ready for analyzing only completed raw data was analyzed using statistical tables and graphs.

3.11 Limitations of the study

Financial constraint, this is in terms of financial support for transport, printing questionnaires among other requirements that require finance. However this shall be overcome by soliciting money from friends, relatives and sponsors which will assist in making my work a success.

Respondents may delay in filling the questionnaire and fear to give information, but they will be persuaded that the information will be kept secret.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

  4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents an analysis of the findings generalized from the primary data. In presenting the findings, illustrations inform of tables and discussions were used.

This chapter is divided into sections in line with the research objectives.

  4.1 The gender of the respondents

The gender of the respondents was characterized into males and females and the frequency ratio and the percentage are illustrated in the tables below.

4.1 Demographic characteristics

This comprises of Sex, age, marital status and level of education of respondents as shown in the tables below.

4.1.1 Gender of respondents

Table 1: Gender of respondents

Source: primary data

From the table above, 35% of the respondents were male and 50% of the respondents were female. This implied that the females have been affected highly by HIV/AIDS than the males.

4.1.2 Age of the respondents

The age of the respondents composed of three  age brackets, those between 10-15,16-25 and 26-30 years and were energetic youth as shown below;

Table 2: Age of the respondents

Source: Primary Data

From the table above, 30% of the respondents were between the age bracket of 16-25, 35% were in the age bracket of 26-30 and 35% of the respondents were in the age bracket of 10-15.

However, mainly the respondents in the age bracket of 26-35 are the ones who were mainly affected by HIV/AIDS and forced to drop out of school. And they are the people who were in school not until they either became orphans or fell sick due to infections of HIV/AIDS.

4.1.3 Marital status of Respondents

This was composed of married youths, single youths and those who are divorced or widowed as a result of HIV/AIDS, this is also evidenced in the table below;

Table 3: showing the marital status of respondents

Source: primary data

According to the table above, 53% of the respondents were single, 23% were widowed, 24% of the Married/Cohabiting. This implied that majority of the respondents are single due to the effects of HIV/AIDS since they are in fear of contracting the virus.

4.1.4 Education level of Respondents

Education level of respondents was obtained and it was also categorized into Graduate level dropout, A level dropout, Primary dropout, None and Diploma as evidenced below in the table;

4.1.4 Level of education of the Respondents

Table 4: Level of education of the Respondents

Source: primary data

The result indicates that majority 40% of the respondents did not have any of the academic qualification, 47% were primary school dropout, and only 2% of the respondents were diploma holders.

4.2 Relationships between AIDS and school dropout.

The relationship between AIDS and school dropout are summarized in the table below;

Table 5: Shows the relationship between AIDS and school dropout.

Source: primary data

According to table 5the results in the study (38%) of the respondents  stated that children are forced to stay with the guardians and the guardians cannot support them this has therefore led to HIV/AIDS in kinawataka village, (16%) stated that Children migrate to their relatives incase their parents are sick who donot value their education, (10%) stated that HIV/AIDS takes away the finances so the parents are left with no finances to send their children to school, the findings further show that (22%) of the respondents stated that children donot go to school because of the responsibilities they have at home and the remaining (14%) asserted that parents are too weak to support their children at school therefore they donot take the initiative to school

4.3 The effects of HIV/AIDS on children school enrolment.

The effects of HIV/AIDS on children school enrolment are summarized in the table below;

Table 6: Shows the effects of HIV/AIDS on children school enrolment.

Source: Primary Data

Regarding results on the effects of HIV/AIDS on children school enrolment (24%)states that Children are forced to stay with guardians due to HIV/AIDS and guardians cannot support them to go to school, (20%)of the respondents state that Children migrate to their relatives incase their parents are sick, (16%) stated that HIV/AIDS takes away the finances so the parents are left with no income to send children to school, (22%) Children donot go to school because of the responsibilities they have at home and the (18%) of the respondents further state that Parents are too weak to support their children at school therefore they donot take the imitative to enroll.

Table 7: Shows the Strategies for improving the livelihood of people with HIV/AIDS

Source: Primary Data

On the question regarding the Strategies for improving the livelihood of people with HIV/AIDS the table above reveals that (34%) of the respondents stated that Government should embark on poverty reduction strategies, (28%) of the respondents assert that Offering cheap and free treatment to HIV/AIDsS patients, the results further indicates that (14%) of the respondents stated that Offering counseling to HIV/AIDS patients , while only (6%) of the respondents stated that Fighting against child labour is essential, 12% of the respondents stated that Enforcing children’s rights so that children do not fail to enroll and the remaining 5% asserted that Reduction of birth rate so that people produce the children they can manage, from the above findings it is therefore clear that majority of the respondents hold the view that Government should embark on poverty reduction strategies.