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THE ROLE OF COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

DECLARATION.. i

APPROVAL.. ii

DEDICATION.. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. iv

LIST OF TABLES. viii

ABSTRACT. ix

CHAPTER ONE.. 1

1.0 Introduction. 1

1.1 Background. 1

1.2 Statement of the problem.. 4

1.3 Purpose of the study. 5

1.4 Specific objectives of the study. 5

1.5 Research questions. 6

1.6 Scope of the study. 6

1.6.1 Subject scope. 6

1.6.2 Geographical scope. 6

1.6.3 Time scope. 6

1.7 Significance of the study. 7

CHAPTER TWO.. 8

LITERATURE REVIEW… 8

2.0 Introduction. 8

2.1 level of computerised accounting. 8

2.2 Level of organizational performance. 15

2.3 Relationships between computerised accounting and organization  performance. 18

CHAPTER THREE.. 22

METHODOLOGY.. 22

3.0 Introduction. 22

3.1 Research design. 22

3.2 Area of the study. 22

3.3 Study population and sample size. 22

3.4 Sampling techniques. 22

Table: Sample size of the respondents. 23

3.5 Data collection methods. 23

3.6 Data Collection Instruments. 24

3.6.1 Questionnaires. 24

3.7 Data collection procedures. 25

3.8 Quality control of data instruments. 25

3.9 Data processing and analysis. 25

3.10 Limitations of the study. 25

CHAPTER FOUR.. 26

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS. 26

4.1 Introductions. 26

4.1.1 Findings on the response rate. 26

4.2 Findings on the Background of respondents. 27

4.2.1 Gender of respondents. 27

4.2.2 Findings on the age category of respondents. 27

4.2.3 Findings on educational level of respondents. 28

4.2.4 Findings on the department the respondents is serving. 28

4.2.5 Findings on the duration respondents have worked at Equity Bank. 29

4.3 Findings on the Level of computerised accounting. 30

4.4 Findings on the level of organizational performance. 33

CHAPTER FIVE.. 35

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 35

5.0 Introduction. 35

5.1 Discussions of findings. 35

5.1.1 Findings on the Level of computerised accounting. 35

5.1.2 Findings on the level of organizational performance. 37

5.2 Conclusion of the study. 38

5.3 Recommendations of the study. 39

5.4 Areas of further research. 39

REFERENCES. 40

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE.. 46

APPENDIX II: TIME FRAME.. 50

APPENDIX III : BUDGET ESTIMATES. 51

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Findings on the response rate. 26

Table 2: Showing gender of respondents. 27

Table 3: Age category of respondents. 27

Table 4: Educational level of respondents. 28

Table 5: Department the respondents is serving. 28

Table 6: Duration respondents have worked at Equity Bank. 29

Table 7: Shows the Level of computerized accounting. 30

Table 8: Shows the levels of organizational performance. 33

ABSTRACT

The topic of study was the role of computerised accounting on organizational performance and the objectives of the study were; what is the level of computerised accounting at Equity Bank, what is the level of organizational performance at Equity Bank and what is the relationship between computerised accounting and organization performance at Equity Bank.

The study used descriptive research design. The researcher employed descriptive research design since it provides the opinion of people about the subject knowledge on the impact of technology on the efficiency of accounting practices. The design availed the researcher with comprehensive information about the research study as a way of getting solutions. Descriptive approach, in this case was used because the study seeks descriptive analysis of information.

The study was carried out at Equity Bank Oasis mall, Kampala Uganda. The study targeted the procurement staffs, accounting officers of the organization, information technology officers, and administration. The sample comprised of 30 respondents that were selected in a way that 3 respondents were from the procurement department, 10 from administration, 10 from information technology department and 7 respondents who administrators. While carrying out research, purposive sampling was applied to the above different categories of respondents.

The study shows that Equity bank is not receiving enough profits that is commensurate to its level of investments therefore there is need to internalize the weakness and strengths of computerized accounting systems in the organization. The study indicates that most of the employees of Equity Bank do not know how to use computerized accounting systems. This has made the organization to face many challenges and the results further indicates that Equity Bank has not competent skilled many power to fully manage computerized accounting system. The results indicates that 35% of the Relationships between computerised accounting and organization performance, can be explained by, Standardized accounting process, Improved accounting process, Faster information transfer, Better communication within the organization.

The study concludes that employees of Equity Bank should be trained on how to use computerized accounting systems this will help the organization in reaping the benefits of computerized accounting systems that will enable it to perform better achieve more profits. the also recommends that Equity bank should ensure that all the employees who are to use computerized accounting system are made aware of the new systems and explained to how this systems will help them in making work more easier. The study also recommends that Equity Bank should ensure that before a new system is adopted the necessary workforce to work on the system is available.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

The study will specifically present two variables the independent variable which will be computerised accounting and dependent variable which will be organizational performance. This chapter will present the background of the study, the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions and the significance of the study.

1.1 Background

Ford et al., (2016) indicates that some of the world’s largest multinational organizations like Toyota have managed to evolve by ensuring that better organizational performance is at the forefront to its economic prosperity.

The complexity and volume of the use of computerized accounting increased globally in the recent years. Some of the causes that can be attributed to this include globalization, out sourcing, intense competition for existing markets as well as complicated and numerous partnership. Over the last fifty years many, of the world’s largest firms have advanced from being simple manufactures of hard goods, or providers of basic services, to being sophisticated vendors using advanced business models. This means that commitment of organizational process to suppliers to contractual obligations has increased, thus, the need for sustainable computerized accounting system (Krappe & Kallayil, 2013).

Computerised accounting systems have been adopted by most Nigerians organizations is used specifically to reduce costs increase efficiency and encourage organizational performance. Some of the technology computerised accounting systems include soft wares and Bar code scanners (Somuyiwa, 2010). On the same note Protiviti, (2009) asserts that the business environment today has been undergoing unprecedented change and many companies are seeking new ways to stand out from the competition by sustaining their competitive advantage. In today’s highly competitive global marketplace, the pressure on organization’s to find new ways of creating and delivering value to customers is growing stronger.

Computerised accounting systems covers vast areas of technologies such as mobile and wireless technology, telecommunications, software development, security, Intelligent systems etc.  Computer technology has had a huge impact on industries, the community in general and our daily lives. Computer technology can be applied to many fields like accounting. One of the emerging applications in recent years is in accounting field which has led to the emergency of the term computerised accounting, (Diamond, 2006).

Computerised accounting is fast becoming one of the main drivers of change, posing new strategic challenges (Somuyiwa, 2010). The business environment today has been undergoing unprecedented change and many companies are seeking new ways to stand out from the competition by sustaining their competitive advantage. In today’s highly competitive global marketplace, the pressure on organization’s to find new ways of creating customer satisfaction therefore computing in accounting is inevitable in organizations , according to Lysons, (2012) it is essential to for organizations to adopt the use of computers in accounting inorder to enhance organizational performance in the globalised world.

According to Elaiwi (2009) most organizations in East Africa have not fully developed computerised accounting systems due to lack of quality Human resource and as such they have been left behind their global peers. In the light of technological progress witnessed by different countries in the world today for all scientific and practical fields for both industrial, commercial and services sectors, public institutions, most private organizations have embraced the use of computers in their accounting operations

According to the current trend of computer advancement, computer is an important tool to enhance efficiency and responsiveness in modern-day accounting practices. The introduction, implementation and usage of computer technology in companies are usually motivated by an attempt to reduce costs (Oyesiku, 2010).

Equity Bank was voted the best bank in Kenya in terms of customer deposits amongst banks with a deposit base of over Ksh 75 billion in a recent survey on the performance of Kenyan banks released by accounting and consulting firm RSM Ashvir. Diversification strategy paid off as Equity Group Holdings posts a 13 percent growth in PBT and welcomes new Strategic Investor. Regional financial services provider, Equity Group Holdings, had recorded a 13% increase in Profit before Tax in the first quarter of 2015. The Group‟s pre-tax profits for the period increased by 13 percent to Kshs 6.1 billion up from Kshs 5.4 billion posted over the same period last year. The performance was largely attributed to growth in intermediation business and successful outcomes from the revenue diversification initiatives under implementation. Customer deposits maintained a positive trajectory and grew by 35 percent to Kshs 278 billion up from Kshs 206 billion in March, 2013. The Group‟s total operating income grew by 19 percent to Kshs 13.2 billion up from Kshs 11.1 billion registered in same period previous year.

The increase in income was buoyed by significant successes in driving non- funded revenues which grew by 36 percent to reach 42 percent of total operating income. Total expenses grew by 24 percent to Kshs. 7.1 billion on the back of investments made in an expanding the IT capacity in 2014. Driven by a rich portfolio of diversified investments, Equity Group Holding‟s total assets grew to Kshs 372.5 billion up from Kshs 295.3 billion representing a 26 percent growth year on year. Net loans recorded a 25 percent growth from Kshs. 179.3 billion in March 2014 to Kshs. 224.8 billion in March 2015 while maintaining high quality of the loan book. The Group sustained its track record of value creation for its investors and efficiency in utilization of its assets registering Returns on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA) of 27.6 percent and 4.8 percent respectively. The Group‟s latest innovation Equitel, maintained an impressive trajectory managing an 81 percent growth to close the trading period with over 650,000 subscribers (Equity bank official homepage, 2015)

However of recent Equity Bank id faced with numerous challenges, its up on this Background that this study intends to investigate into the role of computerised accounting on organizational performance.

1.2 Statement of the problem

During the year of March 28^th 2015 Equity Bank experienced a financial loss of $700,000 from oasis mall Branch in Kampala, this raised many questions to the Bank top management in addition to that Equity Bank also lost $500,000 this generally affected the financial performance of the bank leading to a drop in the net profits in 2015 (Equity Bank records, 2016).

Equity Bank faced a serious challenge in other areas of performance especially the general decline in profitability, this was due to the fact that the Bank faced a drop in net profits by 5.9 percent to Ksh. 15.2 Billion from Ksh. 16.2 Billion in 2015. This challenges was in addition to the rise in Total operating expenses which rose by 23 percent to 27.5 Billion, this was in a large part due to a quadrupling of the loan loss provision from Ksh. 1.2 Billion in 2015 to Ksh. 5 Billion (Mureith, 2016).

Apart from the above challenges Equity Bank in the year 2017 faced a drop in profits by 3 percent, the Group’s Profit before tax reduced from 21.5 billion in 2016 to 20.7 billion in 2017. The profit after tax, therefore, suffered a decline registering 14.6 billion from 15.2 billion in 2016 (Equity Bank Records, 2018).

Despite of the investments in Equity Bank the challenges of drop of profits has been continuously faced among many others that it faces. It’s upon this that this study intends to investigate into the role of computerized accounting on organizational performance, with specific reference to Equity bank oasis branch.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The study aimed at establishing the role of computerised accounting on organizational performance.

1.4 Specific objectives of the study

The overall objectives of this research were;

1. To establish the level of computerised accounting at Equity Bank.
2. To assess the level of organizational performance at Equity Bank.

• To establish the relationship between computerised accounting and organization performance at Equity Bank.

1.5 Research questions

The following research questions shall guide the study;

1. What is the level of computerised accounting at Equity Bank?
2. What is the level of organizational performance at Equity Bank?

• What is the relationship between computerised accounting and organization performance at Equity Bank?

1.6 Scope of the study

The scope of this study was divided into subject, geographical and time scope.

1.6.1 Subject scope

The study specifically looked the level of computerised accounting, the level of organizational performance and the relationship between computerised accounting and organizational performance at Equity Bank.

1.6.2 Geographical scope

The study was carried out at Equity Bank Oasis mall, Kampala Uganda.

1.6.3 Time scope

The study took a period of 6 months from March to August 2018 and consider the documentary records for three years from 2015 to 2018, the researcher based on those records to draw general conclusion for the study.

1.7 Significance of the study

1. The findings of the study will provide the management of Equity Bank Limited with information on benefits of computerised accounting.
2. The study will help accountants with information on the best forms of computerised accounting systems to be employed in the organization.

• The study will also help future researchers with information on the relationship between computerised accounting and organizational performance.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses what various scholar have written about; the role of computerised accounting on organizational performance.

2.1 level of computerised accounting

The computerized accounting system process is now increasing in importance as multinational organizations are trying to reduce costs and maximize profitability in order to ensure that they are able to out compete. Organizations are increasingly relying on critical services and computerized accounting systems as their key to maintaining competitive advantage, the organization’s competence and process capability in maximizing performance is now more important than ever. Some organizations are using process capability maturity models to assess, measure, and improve critical core processes, such as software development and project management. Although, the application of computers in most organizations has just been adopted the process is achieving much importance (Magdalene  & birevu, (2011).

Abramitzky, Boustan, & Eriksson, (2012), argues that the use of computers are the life blood of the modern business. Without this vital legal glue, entering into arm’s length commercial deals would be fraught with peril yet for medium to large sized organizations managing an organization’s accounting system brings challenges of its own. This means that in order to rely on computers managers must ensure that all their staff have good knowledge on the use of computers.

Organizational performance presents opportunities that allow the manufacturing organizations to achieve improved optimization through changes to production, process or organizational strategy.  In addition firms, investing in project organization often do so in order to become flexible adaptable and customer oriented towards achieving efficiency in service delivery (Lind, 2008).The National Audit office (2008) indicates that focus is frequently placed on the procurement process itself than the implementation of the contract yet it is only after the contract is awarded that the benefits of the procurement process can be realized. Contract management if well-handled has the ability to decrease costs and improve service delivery, (South Africa: Contract Management Guide, 2010).

According to Magdalene M, (2010) through the use of computerised accounting paper work is saved during the process of using a computerised accounting, she further asserts that Paper works are involved in manual accounting; all the accounting activities are carried out on paper manually and obviously, it takes much time and resources for the average business organization and most especially, a financial institution that still uses the manual system. Computerized accounting saves a lot of time where the employee has to record the transactions and all the other calculations would be carried out by the software either automatically or by a request.

Namulesa, (2010) further indicates that through the use of computerised accounting systems organizations are able to save large amount of resources during transactions. Because of the use of computerised accounting systems large organizations were able to save billions of dollars which could have been incurred as a result of the use of computerised accounting systems, fromm2010-2018 most of the large multinationals have made significant gains as a result of the use of computerised accounting systems.

There is total elimination of errors as a result of the use of computerised accounting system in the organizations as stated by Magdalene M, (2010) who states  that computerized accounting is not only speedy but also accurate. With a computer being used to collect data and change it into meaningful information that is used by management to make timely and effective decisions, the computer carries out the entire data processing through classifying, sorting, calculating, 7 summarizing the data and production of reports, as stated by Birungi (2000). This entire process helps to minimize the risk of miscalculations and other human errors that could have emerged as a result of manual data processing. The possibility of error is eliminated in a computerised accounting system because the primary accounting data is entered once for all the subsequent usage and processes in preparing the accounting reports. Normally, accounting errors in a manual accounting system occur because of repeated posting of same set of original data by several times while preparing different types of accounting reports.

In a study by Laundon & Laundon, (2006) the results indicate that through the use of computers the organizations are able to achieve reliability in the results they receive, the computer system is well-adapted to performing repetitive operations. They are immune to tiredness, boredom or fatigue. As a result, computers are highly reliable compared to human beings. Since computerised accounting system relies heavily on computers, they are relatively more reliable than manual accounting systems, the scholars further state that computers produce better quality results than humans this therefore leads to have results that are achievable.

According to Khan (2010), technology has not only brought the world closer together, but it will allow the world’s economy to become a single interdependent system therefore through the use of computerised accounting system the organization is able to network between one another. This means that we will not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we will also bring down barriers to sharing of accounting data across boundaries. The world will develop into a global village due to the help of technological advanced systems, allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to share ideas and information with each other.

Sharing of accounting information is easy since communication between one department and another is easy through the use of computers, Chaffey (2007) asserts that with the help of technology, communication become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them, or sending them an email, for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face-to-face direct communication from different parts of the world, thanks to the help of video-conferencing.

According to Chiu, Luk, & Tang. (2002) the use computerised accounting has led to cost effectiveness of the organizational process, thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money-making machines. This, in turn, increases productivity, which ultimately gives rise to profits; that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions in accounting. Some arguments may stress that manual accounting can be handled with cheap work force and resources and that it is reliable as it is done manually with minutes of observations Magdalene M, (2010). However, the level of competition in the business world of today is tight and even growing tighter day by day and if a business with an aim of being successful does not consider the aspect of time especially as far as decision making is concerned, then that business stands to lose. Computerized accounting in this case may be more costly than manual accounting in terms of cheap work force but its output actually overweighs its cost.

More time, computerised accounting makes it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business will be open anytime, anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you will have your goods delivered right to your doorstep without having to move a single muscle in such a situation accountants are able to work at any time, (Samonas, 2013).

Security: With the manual accounting system, every record is on paper and in case of any uncertainties such as heavy floods, landslides and fire outbreaks, the useful data may all be lost, and yet with the computerized accounting system and the introduction of internet and networks in the information technology world, an easy backup and restoration system as well as the use of passwords to avoid unauthorized parties from accessing the data, keeps the information secure (Ntayi, et al., 2009).

Level of output: Magdalene M, (2010) also argues that computerized accounting can actually handle thousands of calculations simultaneously and accurately as compared to manual accounting where by transactions are handled one at a time and even needs much time to do that as well as being characterized by human errors and mistakes in calculations which may eventually affect the final output of information and hinder effective decision making.

Automated Document Production: Most of the computerised accounting systems have standardised, user defined format of accounting reports that are generated automatically. The accounting reports such as Cash book, Trial balance, Statement of accounts are obtained just by click of a mouse in a computerised accounting environment, ( Laudon & Laudon, 2007 ).

Scalability: In a computerised accounting system, the requirement of additional manpower is confined to data entry operators for storing additional vouchers. The additional cost of processing additional transactions is almost negligible. As a result the computerised accounting systems are highly scalable.

Organizations can produce quality report due to the use of computers in their accounting system.  The inbuilt checks and untouchable features of data handling facilitate hygienic and true accounting reports that are highly objective and can be relied upon. Computerised accounting system facilitates the real time production of management information reports, which will help management to monitor and control the business effectively. Debtors’ analysis would indicate the possibilities of defaults (or bad debts) and also concentration of debt and its impact on the balance sheet. For example, if the company has a policy of restricting the credit sales by a fixed amount to a given party, the information is available on the computer system immediately when every voucher is entered through the data entry form. However, it takes time when it comes to a manual accounting system. Besides, the results may not be accurate (Salehi, & Buyya, 2010).

Storage and Retrieval of organizational information is achievable through the use computerised accounting system allows the users to store data in a manner that does not require a large amount of physical space. This is because the accounting data is stored in hard-disks, CD-ROMs, floppies that occupy a fraction of physical space compared to books of accounts in the form of ledger, journal and other accounting registers. Besides, the system permits fast and accurate retrieval of data and information (Bociji, Chaffey, Greasely, Hicker, 2006).

Large mainframe computers have been replaced by small and fast personal computers at lower costs as a result, accounting information systems that were previously performed manually are now performed by computers in most companies. Companies can now capture, process, store, and transmit data with the help of computers. Whereas data collections and processing were performed manually in historical systems, on-line collection and processing of data are performed by computerized systems (Marwat, Qureshi &Ramay 2010).

Computerised accounting systems helps organizations to be able to calculate taxes and meet their obligations to the government, because tax laws are frequently changing, it is becoming exceedingly difficult to deal with them. Therefore, manual tax preparation is becoming more and more difficult and time consuming. Fortunately, tax preparation software is currently available for companies. Therefore, instead of processing tax manually, companies can use computer software to perform the same functions. As a result, even complex calculations can be performed via computers in a short period of time (Khan, 2010).

Easier Auditing of an organization, If auditors perform auditing functions manually, it takes time. However, audit software packages are currently available for auditors. For example, trial balance software enables auditors to input the working trial balance, handle all types of adjusting entries, and automatically compute the adjusted trial balance. In addition, software package can access customer’s files, select a statistical sample of the accounts, and print a working paper sheet. Auditors have used personal computers to reduce their costs significantly (Kwok Hung Lau & Haibo Huang 2012).

The use of computerised accounting systems in the organization helps in ensuring that the organization is able to have an up-to-Date Information this is because computers have an internet systems which has the capability of providing the organization with the latest news trending in the globe. Accounting records, in a computerised accounting system are updated automatically as and when accounting data is entered and stored. Therefore, latest information pertaining to accounts get reflected when accounting reports are produced and printed (Mosleh & Shannak, 2009).

2.2 Level of organizational performance

Better organizational performance is important in ensuring service delivery processes and involves; contract planning, monitoring, stakeholder involvement, performance assessment and records management (Australian National Audit Office, 2009;IAPWG, 2006). It encompasses various activities that need to be completed on a day-to-day basis, including: developing and maintaining contact details of key people involved in the contract, scheduling meetings and other actions required by the contract, delivery and acceptance of goods or services, making payments, maintaining complete records for the contract itself, and establishing and maintaining contract documentation.

Frye (2004) argues that the overall goals of organizational performance is must be clearly understood; quality of service (the accessibility, timeliness and quality of service levels); cost of service (value for money obtained); and customer segmentation (the need for different service channels and service offerings based on comprehensive customer insight).When parastatal bodies contract a vendor, they remain responsible for ensuring the work is performed satisfactorily and government funds are used appropriately. Accordingly, the parastatal body is responsible for the consequences of poor performance whether the agency or a vendor provided the service/project or goods as agreed (Enslow, 2010). The parastatal bodies thus must see to it that service delivery is monitored closely through effective contract management to foster achievement of contract deliverables as agreed.

The level of organizational performance is measured by the quality of service delivery in an organization; it primarily depends on the nature or complexity of the organizational Human resource (Republic of South Africa; Contract Management Guide, 2010). More importantly, review of the organizational process must be done to evaluate the benefits obtained or lost due to insufficient contract management otherwise; there will be little opportunity to benefit from lessons learned.

Organizational performance requires flexibility on both sides and a willingness to adapt the terms of the contract to reflect changing circumstances. It is important to recognize that problems are bound to arise which could not be foreseen when the contract was awarded that might impair the service delivery (Elsey, 2007).      

The involvement of the intended beneficiaries of government services into monitoring service delivery is a critical component in measuring the performance of government delivery of appropriate and quality services. Currently the emphasis of government’s monitoring is on internal government processes and the voice of the intended beneficiaries/stakeholders is largely absent. This presents a risk, as the picture is not complete. It is therefore necessary to support the systematic ways to bring the experiences of stakeholders into the monitoring of services. This will provide a measure of the gap between the perceived and the actual experiences of service delivery, for both user and provider (The Performance monitoring and evaluation epartment of South Africa, 2013).

Employers and owners need to create organizations where excellent performance leads to competitive compensation for people throughout the organization. Without rewards, a company is planting seeds for high turnover, low productivity and long-term failure. However, to reward employees that are not performing saddles an organization with higher payroll costs and encourages poor performers to stay while discouraging the employees that go above and beyond expectations (steers et al 2012). The impact of compensation and benefits on employee performance and organizational effectiveness depends on the existing compensation and performance management programs at an individual company. Typically, most employees respond to increases in pay and benefits with a positive and more productive attitude. However, the opposite is true as well. Sometimes, employees only notice rewards of a salary increase the day the increase is communicated to them, and the day they receive the first paycheck that includes the salary increase.

Dems (2010), said that the value of human resource productivity is a managerial concern. Employee motivation is the classic response on this matter. This has been utilized for ages by many different entities, small- and large-scale businesses alike. It fosters mutual growth in an employer-employee relationship. Indeed, motivation increases productivity. In the study (Prakken, 2010), he examined the role of active exploration in an adult training program. Their results indicated that participants who were trained to actively explore the environment during training had higher intrinsic motivation levels, as well as higher performance on transfer tasks.

Compensation is one of the primary reasons for employees to seek employment. They are rewarded for their services and efforts that they exert for their organizations. They can be compensated in many ways for example salaries, holidays, bonuses etc. There are two basic compensation models; performance based pay and components based pay. In the former paradigm, employee’s compensation is either tied to the way he performs; if he performs better he would be rewarded accordingly (performance based pay) and on the other hand, non performance based pay; where, employee’s performance is not tied to getting rewards, rather the employee is paid or rewarded even if its performance is not up to the mark for example fixed pay and salaries (Taylor, 2005).

2.3 Relationships between computerised accounting and organization  performance

Standardized accounting process, including faster tracking of errors, improved quality control, efficiency in record keeping, greater efficiency through the use of information and communication components like internets, satellites among others that enables tracking and tracing of the goods in transit, during shipment as well as giving up to date information to the accountants about the quantity of goods in storage so that the accountants are able to reconcile the books of accounts with the physical stock in the store, (Wiggers, et al., 2012).

The introduction of technology has not only simplified the accounting process but has also improved on the business process including control over suppliers, improved process cycle time, close cooperation relationships, improved supply chain efficiency, accuracy of shared information, (Mikurak, 2012).

With the use of technologically components such as Bar coding, Satellite, internets and Image processing among others in the process of managing accounting efficiency, there has been reduction on paper work thereby leading to a substantial reduction of errors, as well as increased capability to obtaining and exchanging real time information. This is possible through the use of information technology systems such as Bar code and scanners which represents a series of alphanumerical characters, bar code readers to interpret bar code symbology, and bar code printers to reliably and accurately print bar codes on labels, cartons, and/or picking /shipping documents.

Improved accounting process; Accounting process involves management of an organizations record with a view of minimizing organizational information in a cost effective way. Accounting information enables suppliers and buyers to get related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption (Greuning, 2016). The introduction of technology has brought in tremendous improvements in the keeping of organizations records from the point of origin to the point of consumption including reduced arrangement costs and handling times, shortened response time for purchasing, improved order process speed and reduced labour costs.

Improved warehousing facilities. Warehousing is the primary link between the producers and the consumers; it is used for storing products (raw materials, in process inventory and finished goods) before they are finally worked upon or delivered to the ultimate consumers. Through the implementation of technology, ware house efficiency and effectiveness has improved greatly through using opportunities such as e- warehousing, e- receipts and e- issuing. These have brought about accurate operations in the warehouse hence complementing accounting management efficiency (Niederer & Smith, (2012)

Reduce product delivery time. Through the implementation of technological system in organizations like Equity Bank the organizations’ processes of making payments to their suppliers have improved greatly including faster payment systems like using ATMS, credit cards among others. This reduces among others interest rate, credit risk among others (Aberdeen group 2005).

Improved distribution process ; According to Dobler and Burt (2001) With improved tracking and tracing as a result of using internet, satellites among others, the company that is to say the distributing company is assured of efficiency and effectiveness in the distribution process as their trucks are properly tracked and traced so that in case the deliveries are made to a different location, the mistake can easily be rectified. This has therefore, improved Logistics efficiency in organizations and this has all been because of the introduction of information and communication technology. Other benefits include; delivering on time, reduced delivery enquiring time and improved distribution management.

Proper monitoring; The introduction of information and communication technology in logistics management has brought about efficient and effective monitoring of the materials during transit to their various destinations. This is done through use of technologies that allows communication across a very wide geographical area. Satellite communication provides a fast and high volume channel for information movements. Satellite technology facilitates real time interaction which provides up to date information about location and delivery information about the products in transit. The satellite devices can also be used in tracking and tracing the materials in transit. Tracking is specifically achieved through the use of internet and others, this therefore enables both the delivering organization or the supplier and the buyer to know where specifically the goods in transit is and also in case of any problem encountered say by the truck being used for the transportation purposes, it can easily be recognised by the parties concerned (Namagembe et al., 2012).

Better communication and connection links. According to Nair N.K (2006), the introduction of information communication technology, communication between the buyers and the suppliers has been eased. Logistics is an old age industry that has been one of the greatest holdouts against the waves of computerization that has swept the world. Until recently, most organizations were still using traditional systems like fax and letter writing among others as a means of communication. However with the introduction of information and communication technologies such as telephones, internets and satellites among others, communication has not only been eased but also made efficient and effective.

Faster information transfer; Information and communication technology equipment like internet, satellite and telephones enables a speedy transfer of information between the supplier and the buyer. Therefore, all the necessary information that the supplier needs to give to the buyer regarding how the goods in transit should be handled, stored and packed are given to the buyer prior to delivery so that special attention is taken by the buyer where necessary, According to Dave chffey (2010),  information transfers in the basis of survival for an organization.

Reduce inventory levels. According to (Marivic, 2009) technology helps the buying organisation to order the needed items at the right time and once the need arises then an order will be placed. This helps the organisation to do away with bulk stock levels hence solving the problem of inventory costs like obsolescence and dampness leading to losses this leads to efficiency and effectiveness in the logistics operations.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology which consists of the research design, area of study, study population, sample population and selection, sampling technique, data collection method, data quality control, data collection procedures and limitations of the study.

3.1 Research design

The study used descriptive research design. The researcher employed descriptive research design since it provides the opinion of people about the subject knowledge on the impact of technology on the efficiency of accounting practices. The design availed the researcher with comprehensive information about the research study as a way of getting solutions. Descriptive approach, in this case was used because the study seeks descriptive analysis of information.

3.2 Area of the study

The study was carried out at Equity Bank Oasis mall, Kampala Uganda.

3.3 Study population and sample size

The study targeted the procurement staffs, accounting officers of the organization, information technology officers, and administration who are a total of 43 people.

3.4 Sampling techniques

According to (Amin, 2005) sampling involves selecting a sample of the population in such a way that samples of the same size have equal chances of being selected.

The sample comprised of 30 respondents that were selected in a way that 3 respondents were from the procurement department, 10 from administration, 10 from information technology department and 7 respondents who administrators. While carrying out research, purposive sampling was applied to the above different categories of respondents.

Table 1 below shows the summary of the sample size of the respondents and the sampling techniques that will be used in the study.

Table: Sample size of the respondents

3.5 Data collection methods

Source of data was from both primary and secondary sources.

• Primary data

Primary data was obtained from the questionnaires administered on the target respondents to gain opinions and practices on the role of computerised accounting on organizational performance.

3.6 Data Collection Instruments

The major instruments for data collection were questionnaires and interview guide. Surveys were be just one part of a complete data collection and evaluation strategy. The major method of data collection for the study was the survey, which was done using selected instruments like questionnaires. The questionnaire provided respondents with ample time to comprehend the questions raised and hence, they were able to answer factually.

3.6.1 Questionnaires

The questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. The researcher administered the questionnaires to respondents in different departments including, procurement, administration, information technology officers and accounting which was designed basing on study objectives and questions. Respondents read and wrote the questionnaires themselves. The questionnaires were close ended and was considered convenient because they were administered to the literate and its anonymous nature fetched unhindered responses.

3.7 Data collection procedures

Upon receiving the University permission to carry out research, the area of study was visited for purposes of familiarization.  The researcher sought permission from staff and once allowed to proceed with research, questionnaires were issued and interviews were carried out with the selected staff.

3.8 Quality control of data instruments

The instrument was taken to the supervisor to check its correctness there after pilot study was carried out to find out if it measures what it is meant to for.

3.9 Data processing and analysis

The raw data was coded, edited, and arranged ready for analyzing only completed raw data was be analyzed using statistical tables and graphs.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Introductions

This chapter presents the findings of the study , the findings were presented according to study objectives , this included; to establish the level of computerized accounting at Equity Bank, to assess the level of organizational performance at Equity Bank and to establish the relationship between computerized accounting and organization performance at Equity Bank.

4.1.1 Findings on the response rate

Table 1: Findings on the response rate

Source: Primary Data

According to the results in the study majority 83% of the questionnaires were answered back, these findings shows that the questionnaires answered could be used for to represent the total sample because they are sufficient.

4.2 Findings on the Background of respondents

4.2.1 Gender of respondents

Table 2: Showing gender of respondents

Source: primary data

According to results 68% of the respondents were male and 32% were female, this shows that there were more male employees at Equity Bank than the female.

4.2.2 Findings on the age category of respondents

Table 3: Age category of respondents

Source: primary data

According to the findings in the table majority 44% of the respondents were i9n the age brackets of 30-39 years, while 36% were in the age brackets of 18-29 years and the remaining 20% were above 40 years. This results indicates that majority of the employees employed at equity bank oasis mall are mature and therefore they were able to answer the questions asked.

4.2.3 Findings on educational level of respondents

Table 4: Educational level of respondents

Source: primary data

Findings from the table above indicates that majority 48% of the employees at Equity bank have bachelors degree qualification , 28% were diploma holders and the remaining 20% were master gree holders this finding indicates that majority of employees at Equity bank are well educated and therefore they could easily understand the questions asked.

4.2.4 Findings on the department the respondents is serving

Table 5: Department the respondents is serving

Source : primary data

The findings in the study indicates that majority 36% of the respondents were from sales department , 20% were both from Teller and finance department while 24% were fr4om senior management. This findings indicates that majority of the respondents had the required knowledge to answer the questions asked. This results also indicates that the researcher was able to get answers from the people who were well informed on the subject topic.

4.2.5 Findings on the duration respondents have worked at Equity Bank

Table 6: Duration respondents have worked at Equity Bank

Source: primary data

According to the results in the study majority 48% of the respondents have worked for 6-10 years, 24% have worked for less than 2 years while 16% have worked for more than 11 years, this results indicates that majority of the respondents have worked for long and therefore they had enough experience, this was essential since their response could be relied upon.

4.3 Findings on the Level of computerised accounting

The first objective is about the Level of computerized accounting as presented in the table below;

Table 7: Shows the Level of computerized accounting

Source: primary data

The legend;

All organizational work related to accounting is computerized 

According to the table majority of the respondents strongly agreed, to the fact that All organizational work related to accounting is computerized. This findings was presented by the mean value of 4.07.

This implies that the all organizational work related to accounting is computerized at Equity Bank.

All employees in the organization know how to use computers

According to the findings further most of the respondents strongly agreed to the fact that organization uses all employees in the organization know how to use computers, , this findings was presented by the mean value of 4.17.

This means that the though the organization uses computerized accounting not all the employees in the organization know how to use computers.

Employees have been trained on how to use computers

The findings shows that majority of the respondents disagreed that employees have been trained on how to use computers in the organization. This finding was presented by the low mean value of 1.27 and the standard deviation of 0.45.

This result indicates that Equity Bank oasis mall has not trained its employees on how to use computers.

Before installation of computers in the accounting departments they make sure all the employees are trained

The results in the table indicate that most of the respondents strongly disagreed that before installation of computers at Equity Bank all employees are trained.

This result shows that before installation of computers at Equity bank not all the employees are trained on how to use the computer system.

Departments are being connected by using computers to enhance efficiency

The study shows majority of the respondents strongly agreed that departments are being connected by using computers to enhance efficiency.

This findings indicates that the departments at Equity Bank are being connected using computers.

There is an automated document production of work through computerized accounting

The results shows that majority of the respondents agreed that there is an automated document production of work through computerized accounting are used in the organization.

This implies that there is document production of work through computerized accounting.

The organization stores all accounting work in computers

The results shows that most of the respondents assert that the organization stores all accounting work in computers, this was presented by a high mean value of 3.8.

The implies that Equity Bank stores all accounting work in computers.

Up-to-date information is got from the use of computerized accounting

According to the study majority of the respondents hold the view that using computers an organization like Equity Bank is able to get up-to date information.

This implies that Up-to-date information is got from the use of computerized accounting at Equity Bank Oasis mall.

4.4 Findings on the level of organizational performance

The second objective presents findings on the levels of organizational performance

Table 8: Shows the levels of organizational performance.

Source: Primary Data

The legend;

Our profits have been increasing over time

The results shows that majority of the respondents assert that disagreed, that our profits have been increasing over time.

This findings show that the profits of Equity Bank has not been increasing overtime

Our clients have been increasing over time

According to the findings in the study most of the respondents agreed that clients have been increasing overtime. This implies that the clients of Equity Bank have been increasing.

Our revenue have been increasing over time

The results shows that most of the respondents agreed that revenue have been increasing.

This implies that the revenues of Equity Bank have been increasing over time.

Our costs have been reducing over time

The findings in the study in the study shows that majority of the respondents disagreed that costs of Equity Bank has been reducing overt time

This implies that majority of the respondents hold the view that the costs of Equity Bank has been reducing over time.

Our loan portfolio have been increasing overtime

The findings in the study shows that majority of the respondents agreed that loan portfolio has been increasing overtime.

This implies that most of the respondents assert that the loan portfolio has been increasing overtime.

Our customers are satisfied with our services 

The results show that most of the respondents disagreed with the fact that customers are satisfied with Equity Bank services. This implies that customers are not satisfied with the services of Equity Bank.

4.5 Relationships between computerised accounting and organization performance

Findings of the correlation Coefficients

From the table above the results indicates that P=0.001, computerised accounting system enables an organization to have standardised accounting system.

The results also indicate that adoption of computerised accounting systems in an organization enables an organization to have improved accounting process.

The results in the study indicate that faster information transfer is one of the main relationships between computerised accounting and organizational performance.

The results also indicate that better communication within the organization is achieved in the organization if it adopts computerised accounting system.

The results indicates that through the adoption of computerised accounting system an organization is able to achieve better performance this is indicated by the fact that the P-value = 0.030. Which shows that the findings are significant since P-Value is less than 0.05

Regression analysis of the Relationships between computerised accounting and organization performance

Predictors: (Constant), Relationships between computerised accounting and organization performance include; Standardized accounting process, Improved accounting process, Faster information transfer, Better communication within the organization

R-square=0.353, this implies that 35% of the Relationships between computerised accounting and organization performance, can be explained by, Standardized accounting process, Improved accounting process, Faster information transfer, Better communication within the organization.

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter presents discussion, conclusion and recommendations.

5.1 Discussions of findings

This section presents the discussion of findings.

5.1.1 Findings on the Level of computerised accounting

The findings from the study indicates that all organizational work related to accounting is computerized at Equity Bank (Campbell, 2018) who indicates that the computerized accounting system process is now increasing in importance as multinational organizations are trying to reduce costs and maximize profitability in order to ensure that they are able to out compete. Organizations are increasingly relying on critical services and computerized accounting systems as their key to maintaining competitive advantage, the organization’s competence and process capability in maximizing performance is now more important than ever.

The finding in the study shows that not all employees in Equity Bank know how to use computers, these results therefore indicates that Equity Bank has not trained all the staff in the use of computers during accounting process, these results also disagrees with Still (2005), who argues that the use of computers are the life blood of the modern business, he further indicates that it is imperative for all organization to train their staff in order to harness the merits of using computerizing accounting systems in an organization.

The study indicates that Equity Bank oasis mall has not trained its employees on how to use computers this findings therefore shows that the organization is facing challenges in the use of computerized accounting systems this has been because the organizational employees are not fully trained in the computerized accounting system

The study indicates that in Equity Bank before installation of computers at Equity bank not all the employees are trained on how to use the computer system, this therefore shows that organization does not bother on the skills of employees before adopting a computer systems something that affects Equity Bank in always.

The study results shows that the departments at Equity Bank are being connected using computers, this indicates that Equity Bank uses computers across all the department, the results further shows that Equity bank has invested in the use of computers in the organization this view is also in line with magdalene (2010) who states that through the use of computerized accounting paper work is saved during the process of using a computerized accounting, she further asserts that Paper works are involved in manual accounting; all the accounting activities are carried out on paper manually and obviously, it takes much time and resources for the average business organization and most especially, a financial institution that still uses the manual system. This results also indicates that Equity Bank is using computerized accounting system in order to save  a lot of time where the employee has to record the transactions and all the other calculations would be carried out by the software either automatically or by a request.

This findings was also in line with Chaffey (2007) who indicates that sharing of accounting information is easy since communication between one department and another is easy through the use of computers. He further asserts that with the help of technology, communication become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them, or sending them an email, for an almost instantaneous response.

The study findings also shows that there is document production of work through computerized accounting this indicates that most of the work at Equity Bank is through the use of computerized accounting system this view was also in line with Crake ,(2003) who indicates that the use computerized accounting has led to cost effectiveness of the organizational process, thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money-making machines. This, in turn, increases productivity, which ultimately gives rise to profits; that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions in accounting.

The study findings was also indicates that Equity Bank stores all accounting work in computers, this view was also in line with Namulesa, (2010) who indicates that through the use of computerized accounting systems organizations are able to save large amount of resources during transactions.

The study findings implies that Up-to-date information is got from the use of computerized accounting at Equity Bank Oasis mall, this view was also in line with

5.1.2 Findings on the level of organizational performance

The study results also further indicates that Equity Bank has not been making profits for some time, this results shows that though Equity Bank has been investing in computerized accounting systems the organization is not making the profits its needs.

The findings shows that clients have been increasing over time for Equity Bank this results shows that the adoption of computers at Equity Bank has enabled the organization to be able to attract the large numbers of customers.

The results indicates that the revenues of Equity bank has been increasing overtime this indicates that through the use of computerized accounting systems at Equity Bank has enabled the organization to increase more revenues.

The study findings implies that that majority of the respondents hold the view that the costs of Equity Bank has not been reducing over time, this view indicates that the use of computerized accounting systems has not enabled Equity Bank reduce costs.

The results shows that Equity Bank loan portfolio have been increasing overtime , this findings shows that overtime the Bank has been able to increase its loan portfolio as a result of the use of computerized accounting system however the costs of operations is difficult.

The findings in the study shows that customers are not happy with the services of Equity Bank these results shows that Equity Bank needs to properly implement computerized accounting systems into the organization to enable the organization retain its customers .

5.1.3 Relationships between computerised accounting and organization performance

From the table above the results indicates that P=0.001, computerised accounting system enables an organization to have standardised accounting system. The results also indicate that adoption of computerised accounting systems in an organization enables an organization to have improved accounting process.  The results in the study indicate that faster information transfer is one of the main relationships between computerised accounting and organizational performance.

The results also indicate that better communication within the organization is achieved in the organization if it adopts computerised accounting system.The results indicates that through the adoption of computerised accounting system an organization is able to achieve better performance this is indicated by the fact that the P-value = 0.030. Which shows that the findings are significant since P-Value is less than 0.05

The results indicates that 35% of the Relationships between computerised accounting and organization performance, can be explained by, Standardized accounting process, Improved accounting process, Faster information transfer, Better communication within the organization.

5.2 Conclusion of the study

The study shows that Equity bank is not receiving enough profits that is commensurate to its level of investments therefore there is need to internalize the weakness and strengths of computerized accounting systems in the organization

The study indicates that most of the employees of Equity Bank do not know how to use computerized accounting systems. This has made the organization to face many challenges.

The study indicates that Equity Bank has not competent skilled many power to fully manage computerized accounting system.

5.3 Recommendations of the study

The study concludes that employees of Equity Bank should be trained on how to use computerized accounting systems this will help the organization in reaping the benefits of computerized accounting systems that will enable it to perform better achieve more profits.

The also recommends that Equity bank should ensure that all the employees who are to use computerized accounting system are made aware of the new systems and explained to how this systems will help them in making work more easier.

The study also recommends that Equity Bank should ensure that before a new system is adopted the necessary workforce to work on the system is available.

5.4 Areas of further research

The following are the areas of further research;

• The influence of automation on cost reduction
• The challenges of improving organizational performance
• The influence of team work on organizational performance

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APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

THE ROLE OF COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Dear respondent

I am Nakiryowa Oliver Hope a student of Kyambogo University, am carrying out a study on the role of computerised accounting on organizational performance. You are one of the respondents randomly selected to participate in the study. The information given shall be treated with utmost confidentiality and shall only be used strictly for academic purpose, I kindly request for your participation in this study by answering the questionnaires.

BIO DATA OF RESPODENTS

SECTION A:            

• Gender: Male              female

• Age a) 18 -29 b) 30 – 39 c)  40 and above

3. Educational level

Master’s degree           Bachelor’s degree                   diploma                       others

4. In what capacity are you serving Equity Bank?

• Finance b) sales                              c) Senior management

d)Teller

5. For how long have you been working with Equity Bank?

• less than 2 years c) 6-10 years

• 3-5 year d) 11 years and above

SECTION B: level of computerised accounting

This section presents Benefits of computerised accounting at Equity Bank.

Key: SA=strongly agree, A=agree, N=neutral, D=disagree, SD=strongly disagree

Tick in the box where appropriate.

Please mention other Benefits of computerised accounting?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Please tick one appropriate.

SECTION C: level of organizational performance

This section presents various forms of computerised accounting.

Key: SA=strongly agree, A=agree, N=neutral, D=disagree, SD=strongly disagree

APPENDIX II: TIME FRAME

APPENDIX III : BUDGET ESTIMATES