Research support services
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
This chapter presents the results in reference to objectives in chapter one. Gender of respondents, Age of respondents, education level of respondents, Number of years of respondents, Knowledge about immunization schedule, socio-economic factors affecting completion of immunization, cultural beliefs and attitude towards competition of immunization schedule.
4.1 Finding on respondents response
4.1.1 Findings on whether respondents acknowledge to take part in the study
Table 1 Showing Acknowledgement of Taking Part in the Study
| Do you agree to take part in the study N0=30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | YES | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study all the respondents selected agreed to talk part in the study.
4.1.2 Findings on the age category of the respondents
Table 2 Showing age Category of respondents
| Age category of respondents N=30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 15-25 years | 17 | 56.7 | 56.7 | 56.7 |
| 26-35 years | 9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 86.7 | |
| 36-45 years | 4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to majority of respondents (86%) assert that they were in the age brackets of 26-35 years of age , while most of the respondents were in the age brackets of 15-25years of age , the results further indicates that only (13%) of the respondents were in the age group of 36-45years.
4.1.3 Pie-chart showing age category of respondents
Figure 1Chart showing age category of respondents
Sample Size=30
Source: primary data
According to the results figure1 above majority of the respondents (56%) were in the age brackets of 15-25 years this results therefore demonstrates that most of the respondents were young and therefore their participation was welcomed.
4.1.4 Findings on the marital status of the respondents
Table 3 Marital status of the respondents
| Marital status No =30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| single | 7 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 23.3 | |
| married | 21 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 93.3 | |
| divorced | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 96.7 | |
| separate | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the findings in the study most of the respondents (70%) were married this indicates that most of the respondents in the study had mature minds and therefore they had to give accurate answers during the study.
Figure 2 Showing marital status
No =30
Source: Primary Data
The result in the study indicates that most of the respondents in the study were married, some of them were single and only a fraction of them were divorced.
4.1.5 Findings on Religious background of the respondents
Table 4 Showing Religion of respondents
| What is your religion? N0=30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Protestants | 8 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 26.7 | |
| Catholic | 9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 56.7 | |
| Muslim | 10 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 90.0 | |
| born again | 2 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 96.7 | |
| Others | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
The results in the study show that most of the respondents were Muslims and their percentage was (33.3%), Catholics were (30%), and protestants (26%), born again (6%) and only (3%) were from other religious backgrounds.
Figure 3 Showing occupation of respondents
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study most of the respondents were Muslims therefore the Muslim faith dominated the response rate in the study
4.1.6 Findings on the Level of education
Table 5 Showing the level of education of respondents
| No=30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| None | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | |
| Primary | 10 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 36.7 | |
| Secondary | 12 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 76.7 | |
| Vocational | 7 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study majority (40%) of the respondents had finished secondary school education, while (33%) of the respondents were primary school dropouts, (23%) had studied up vocational level of education , the results above therefore indicates that most of the respondents had studies in formal education and therefore they easily understood the topic of study.
Chart showing level of education
Figure 4 Level of education of respondents
N0 =30
Source: primary data
According to the findings from the pie chart above it is evident that most of the respondents were secondary school dropout, and the second largest percentages of respondents were primary school dropouts.
.1.7 Findings on the occupation of respondents
Table 6 Showing occupation of respondents
| occupation of respondents No= 30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| None | 10 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 | |
| Farmer | 5 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 50.0 | |
| Teacher | 5 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 66.7 | |
| health worker | 9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 96.7 | |
| Peasant | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to findings in the study most of the respondents didn’t have a specific profession and their percentage was 33%, this shows that most of the respondents had were not employed in the formal sector, 30% of the respondents were health workers, 16% were famers and teachers.
Figure 5 Showing occupation of respondent.
Source: primary data
According to the Bar chart above majority of the respondents’ don’t have any occupation of respondents (33.3%), (30%) of the respondents were health workers, (16%) of the respondents were farmers and teachers.
4.1.8 Findings on Monthly income of the respondents
Table 7 Showing Monthly income of the respondents
| monthly income | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| None | 11 | 36.7 | 36.7 | 36.7 | |
| less than 40,000 | 8 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 63.3 | |
| 50,000 | 9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 93.3 | |
| 100.0 | |||||
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the Findings in the study majority of the respondents did not earn any income, while (36.7%) of the respondents, while (30%) of the respondents earned 50,000, (26%) of the respondents earned less than 40,000.
Figure 6 Showing monthly income of the respondents
No =30
Source: primary data
The bar chart above indicates that most of the respondents were not having monthly income, while (30%) of the respondents earned less than 50,000 of monthly income.
4.1.10 Findings on Duration of visiting the health facility
Table 8 Showing the duration of visiting the health facility
| Duration of visiting the health facility N0 =30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| less than one years | 14 | 46.7 | 46.7 | 46.7 | |
| 1-2 years | 9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 76.7 | |
| 3 years | 6 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 96.7 | |
| 4years | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study most, 46% of the respondents visit health facilities 14 times in less than one year, 1-2 years, (30%), 3 years, (20%), while 4years (3%).
Figure 7 Showing duration of visiting health facility
No= 30
Source: primary data
According to the bar-chart above the results indicates that most of the most of the respondents have worked for less than one year.
4.1.12 The relationship between marital status and monthly income of the respondents
Table 9 Chi-square indicating relationship between marital status and monthly Income
| Symmetric Measures | |||
| Value | Approx. Sig. | ||
| Nominal by Nominal | Contingency Coefficient | .377 | .836 |
| N of Valid Cases | 30 | ||
| a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. | |||
| b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. | |||
According to chi-square, there is a positive relationship between monthly income and marital status; this is represented by a positive correlation.
Table 10 showing knowledge of respondents on immunization
| Knowledge on immunization No =30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| yes | 24 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | |
| No | 6 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study (80%) of the respondents asserted that they had knowledge on immunization, these results therefore indicates that most of the respondents had basic knowledge on the benefits of immunization to their children and therefore they willing took their children.
4.1.13 Findings of respondents view on the number of times children are immunized
Table 11 respondents view on the number of times children are immunized
| Number of times children are immunized | |||||
| No =30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| None | 9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | |
| 1-5times | 11 | 36.7 | 36.7 | 66.7 | |
| 6 Times or more | 7 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 90.0 | |
| others specify | 3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the findings in the study majority of the respondents assert that they had taken their children 1-5 times for immunization, this is mainly due to massive sensitization campaign by the government.
4.1.14 Findings on the Source of Information about immunization
Table 12 Showing Source of Information about immunization
| Source of Information about immunization No =30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Radio | 7 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 23.3 |
| Newspaper | 8 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 50.0 | |
| Health workers | 11 | 36.7 | 36.7 | 86.7 | |
| Relatives | 3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 96.7 | |
| Others | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study (36%) of the respondents asserted that the get information regarding immunization from Health workers, while (26%) of the respondents get information from newspapers, (23%) radio, and (10%) relatives.
4.1.15 Findings on who takes the child for immunization
Table 13 Who takes the child for immunization
| Who takes the child for immunization No=30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Husband | 3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
| Wife | 19 | 63.3 | 63.3 | 73.3 | |
| Both husband and wife | 7 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 96.7 | |
| Others specify | 1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study (63%) of the respondents asserted that it is the wife who takes child for immunization, while (10%) husband and only (23%) both husband and wife.
4.1.6 Findings on husband support during immunization husband escort
Table 14 Showing husband support during immunization husband escort
| N0 = 30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Yes | 14 | 46.7 | 46.7 | 46.7 | |
| No | 16 | 53.3 | 53.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study (53%) of the respondents asserted that husbands do not provide support during immunization, only (46%) agreed.
4.1.17 Findings on cultural support towards immunization
Table 15 Showing cultural support towards immunization
| Does your culture support immunization No =30 | |||||
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Yes | 27 | 90.0 | 90.0 | 90.0 | |
| No | 3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Source: primary data
According to the results in the study (90%) of the respondents asserted that their culture supports immunization, only (10%) disagreed.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND AREAS OF FURTHER STUDY
5.0 INTRODUCTION
The study aimed at establishing factors affecting completion of immunization schedule in Bweyogerere health centre III, wakiso district.
5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
5.1 .1 Knowledge about immunization schedule
According to the findings in the study majority of the respondents asserts that they had basic knowledge regarding immunization schedule this is also in line with Blaikie, P.et al (2014), who states that Demographic studies of childhood immunization differences have often shown that house hood social-economic factors as an important factor in explaining different immunization levels among and within societies.
According to the results in the study majority of the respondents had finished secondary school education, this shows that most of the women in the study had basic information regarding the benefits of immunization; this is also in line with (Bhandari P, 2007) who states that Results of Multi logistic model explained that the women who were less empowered had less attention towards participation in full child immunization, the probabilities in three countries India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan was 0.664, 0.830 and 0.587.respectively.
The results in the study indicates that most of the respondents didn’t have a specific profession these results contradicts with the findings by (Bbaale E, 2013) who stresses that Mother’s occupation and that of their partner are important in the attainment of full childhood immunization. While (Streefland PH, 2013) further states that Children whose parents held white –collar jobs were more advantaged compared to those in agriculture, blue –collar jobs, and services /sales in general, the immunization coverage is lowest among poor populations and in peripheral areas mainly due to inability to afford transportation to bring the child to immunization clinics.
Similarly (Babirye JN, 2015). Further states that the major findings of a study conducted in Uganda showed that the supportive or non-supportive roles are major influences in the involvement or non-involvement of parents in childhood immunization similarly; reasons for unintentional missed vaccinations shown by a study were forgetting appointment, lack of time after mother return or having other children commitment.
The results in the study show that most of the respondents were Muslims and their percentage was 33.3%, Catholics were 30%, these findings were also in line with (Thomas, 2013), who stresses that Religion and spirituality are integral components of socio-demographics(rural culture) and influence perceived vulnerability to infection and perceived severity to infection(Religious leader are highly esteemed ,and their authority can convince members of their congregation to accept or reject vaccination. While ( (RuijsWLM, 2013) further states that ,A WHO report from polio endemic region in Nigeria states that only a total of 16% children were adequately vaccinated in the region , the main reason being that the community was predominantly of Muslim background and believed that polio drops were used as a tool for causing sterility in the children and had been shunned by community leaders. This led to a substantial rise in that area.
5.1.2 Socio-Economic factors affecting completion of immunization
According to the results in the study majority of the respondents had finished secondary school education, this shows that most of the mothers had the knowledge on the benefits of immunization this is also in line with (Gellin BG, 2010) who states that Various studies on assessment of mother’s knowledge on immunization schedule show mixed findings, with others reporting high levels of knowledge and others low levels. For example, assessment of partner’s knowledge about immunization schedule by in the United Arab Emirates showed variations in response to questions designed to assess their knowledge on childhood immunization.
On the same note . (Ibnouf AH, 2009), states that Illiterate mothers due to little knowledge had less attention towards immunizationon, observed that uneducated low standard women were reluctant to immunize their children, Similarly found that the mother’s education had positive impact on child immunization. .However (Ibnouf AH, 2009) further stresses that uneducated fathers showed the same attitude and give less attention towards full immunization of their children. Similarly illiterate fathers were also not interested in full immunization of their children.
Lastly the study indicates that (Gellin et al, 2011) asserts that generally, there is inadequate knowledge on benefits of immunization by parents and caretakers. The depth of knowledge available to parents and VHTs on the eight immunizable diseases, schedules of immunization, modes and sites of immunization, confirmed that this knowledge is limited.
5.1.3 Cultural beliefs and attitude affecting completion of immunization schedule in young children among mothers
According to the findings in the study the results indicated that different culture supports immunization this is also in line with (Gindler, 2011). Who stresses that there are a number of cultural beliefs which negatively affect the uptake of immunization service. In some societies with cultural discrimination against female children, boys have a greater chance to be vaccinated.
The findings in the study further show that Gender discrimination is an important factor which guides the uptake of vaccination. The results further concur with the findings in by (Basel, 2012) who stresses that female children were more likely to dropout compared to male children. In the study conducted in migrant population in china, boys showed higher up to date immunization rate than girls.
While the (Ministry of health, 2006) streesess that Local culture shapes people`s perception of risk or perceived vulnerability people assign value to an issue on the basis of their experience and they trust expert about vaccine is key to increasing vaccine rates, which are significantly lower among children from minority groups and children living in rural areas .social demographic directly influenced perceived vulnerability and severity as reported in health belief model and these socio-demographics comprises of the local rural culture, including religious affiliation
According to the results in the study most of the respondents asserted that they get information regarding immunization from Health workers, this is also in line with (Easterly, 2009), who states that uneducated low standard women were reluctant to immunize their children.
According to the results in the study majority of the respondents asserted that it is the wife who takes child for immunization, (Gindler, 2011) who states that In some societies with cultural discrimination against female children, boys have a greater chance to be vaccinated.
Recommendation
The study recommends that that there should be a massive campaign in local areas and radio station to sensitize the people about the benefits of immunization, this will increase on the number of people taking their children to immunization.
Conclusion
The study concludes that the people in rural areas should be sensitized through its local leaders so that they area to participate in immunization.
Areas of further
The study recommends the following areas of further study;
- The influence of immunization to the health of children
- Challenges in administering immunization programmes in the rural areas
- Influence of poverty on the health of children
