DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF GIRL CHILD: A CASE OF KAYUNGA DISTRICT

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out in Kangulumira Sub County in Kayunga district with the purpose of exploring the effect of domestic violence on education attainment of girl child. The research objectives were; to identify the factors leading to continuous domestic violence against women, to identify the effects of domestic violence on education attainment of girl child and to suggest possible measures of minimizing domestic violence against women. The study adopted a case study research design where qualitative approach of data collection methods was used while carrying out the study where questionnaires and interview guides were administered to 22 respondents drawn from parents, girl child, teachers and local leaders.

The study found out noted that the abuse of alcohol and drugs is the major factor responsible for the high prevalence rates of domestic violence in Kayunga district though other risk factors were also pointed out in the study and majority of women have been severely affected by domestic violence increasing morbidity since they suffer from both physical injuries and emotional distress, children have equally been adversely affected in terms of limited access to education and the girl children’s safety threatened by having high rates of school drop outs and exposure to early marriages escalating the problem of single mothers, economically families have had low production and increased in out of pocket expenditure on health services and fines imposed causing hunger because of low incomes. Therefore to reduce domestic violence and its effects, it was found out that offenders are being arrested, sensitization on dangers of domestic violence, guidance and counseling on family related issues, recruitment of LCIs with knowledge on DV, training families and LCIs and families on DV, enacted bill on domestic violence and gender empowerment.

The study concluded that domestic violence occurs in Kayunga and is on a rise. It is an influential factor in all the aspects of family social life, the researcher concluded that domestic violence manifested in its different forms has a big effect on women’s life and the education attainment of girl child.

The government through its institutions like the police and courts of law should put the existing laws on domestic violence passed by legislators into implementation and give deterrent punishments to the perpetrators other than leaving them merely defined. This will help curb the endemic of domestic violence.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the background, Statement of the problem, Purpose of the study, Research Objectives, Research questions, Scope, Significance, and limitations of the study.

1.1 Background of the study

In Uganda domestic violence as a social problem has continued to exist and especially domestic violence against women. This study seeks to explore the effects of domestic violence on education attainment of girl child. Domestic violence is said to occur when the party in the family intentionally causes or inflicts harm on the other. The harm can be physical, sexual, emotional or psychological. The term domestic violence involves child abuse or neglect and all forms of cruelty that may be inflicted on any member of the family (Slum Aid Project, 2007).

UNICEF (2000) explains domestic violence as violence by an intimate partner and by other family members wherever it takes place and in whatever form. In the same line, domestic violence is the violence that occurs within the private sphere to people related through blood intimacy or law (Population report, 2000).

Traditionally domestic violence is the use of force on a member of a family by beating or any other way that causes pain to a person like denying him or her basic necessities such as food, medical care, use of abusive language intended to intimidate him/her. Domestic violence therefore has forms of physical, psychological, sexual and economic abuse. In Uganda violence against women is perpetuated when legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems do not recognize domestic violence as a crime and this pauses a big challenge to human rights for

According to Violya (2011), most domestic violence is done by men against women. They added that the problem of domestic violence has received little attention from the government yet many victims of the violence especially women suffer in the hands of brutal men. In many homes both partners play prominent roles in the well-being of the family, women advocacy children who grow in violent racked homes will grow with a loose moral. Domestic violence has attracted fresh interest in many Global Organizations because of its impact on society.

Michael Kcene (1995) comments that violence is still a feature of many marriages The experience teaches us that thousands of women are still subjected to humiliation and violent treatment from their husbands, psychological as well as physical abuse.

In a survey done by UNICEF (2000) in Uganda, 41% of women reported being beaten or physically harmed by partner. 41% of men reported beating their partner. Furthermore 66% of national sample of interviewees reported in a study done by Uganda Law Reform Commission that domestic violence frequently occurs in their homes with Northern Uganda and Eastern having the highest prevalence rates with 78% and 68% respectively, male violence against women is the highest and this is one of the critical stumbling blocks in the development of effective prevention strategies for HIV/AIDS.

FIDA report (2001) ranked Kayunga district among the first five districts in Uganda with higher rates of domestic violence and this trend has not changed for years. It was therefore against this background that the researcher investigated into the effects of domestic violence on women especially in Kangulumira sub-county in Kayunga district.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Domestic violence against women has remained a threat as many people have fallen victims of this inhuman act. It is generally believed that the phenomenon has brought great suffering to women resulting into family breakages, misery and disharmony. Despite the laws like convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Articles 1-17. Violence against women, including rape and domestic violence, remained common. A 2003 Uganda Human rights Commission (UHRC) study indicated that one in three women living in surveyed rural areas experienced verbal or physical threats from their partners, and 55 percent sustained physical injuries as a result of domestic abuse. On August 8, 2015 the police reported that from January to August 450 cases of domestic violence were reported compared to 512 total cases reported in 2016. However, as seen from the above, domestic violence is still rampant most especially in rural areas like Kayunga and as affected the education attainment of girl child in the area thus the need to carry out this research study to explore the effect of domestic violence on education attainment of girl child in Kangulumira sub county.

1.3 Purpose of the study

This study was set to explore the effect of domestic violence on education attainment of girl child in Kangulumira Sub County in Kayunga district.

1.4 Objectives of the study

The objectives of the study were to;

1. identify the factors leading to continuous domestic violence against women Kangulumira sub- county.
2. identify the effects of domestic violence on education attainment of the girl child in Kangulumira Sue county.

• suggest possible measures of minimizing domestic violence against women and girl child.

1.5 Research questions

1. What are the factors leading to continuous domestic violence against women in Kangulumira Sub County in Kayunga district?
2. In what ways does the domestic violence affect education attainment of girl child?

• What are the possible solutions to minimize domestic violence against women and girl child?

1.6 Scope of the Study

The researcher investigated the factors contributing to continuous domestic violence against women, effects of domestic violence on education attainment of girl child and ways of minimizing domestic violence in four sampled parishes. This was because Kangulumira Sub County and, especially the sampled parishes are densely populated and a number of cases of domestic violence have been registered in police, local council courts among others. The study took five months that is March to July, 2017.

1.7 Significance of the study

The study findings therefore were used: –

• By Human Rights activists to understand the continuous persistence of domestic violence against women and use the recommendations to advocate for women’s rights.
• To defend the rights and values of women, to empower their voice in the affairs of their community without fear and intimidation.
• To assist religious leaders in addressing family issues and to educate the community on the importance of mutual family relation and in accordance with education attainment of girl child.
• To act as a source of information to a law enforcement institutions like FIDA in executing their duties.
• To act as awareness tool to women and young girls, to be informed about the causes, effects and ways to minimize domestic violence.
• To highlight women’s rights and how to fight for them rather than accepting the problem as part of culture and tradition.

• Limitations and delimitations

• Funds especially for the production of questionnaires, facilitation of movement and mobilization of respondents were not sufficient. However, the researcher rationed the available funds to proper suite production of questionnaires and facilitation of movement.
• Time was foreseen to be limited for data collection. Here to overcome this, the researcher drew a work plan for the study in order to balance it with other activities.
• Low responsiveness of some respondents due to fear of giving information. Here, the researcher explained to the respondents that the study was purely for academic purposes.
• High expectations from the respondents in exchange of information. To overcome this, the researcher made sure that the respondents provide information voluntarily and willingly.

1.9 Summary

This chapter presents the general introduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the study and research questions, scope of the Study, Significance of the Study and limitations and delimitations.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews the related literature to the study. The literature review is done according to research objectives;

2.2    Forms of Domestic Violence

Markowitz (2000) identified four forms of domestic violence and these include;

According to (Markowitz, (2000), Benedictis, Jaelline and Segal (2003), physical violence is the most common form of domestic violence experienced by families in the world. The same study also revealed that abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.

They also identify Sexual abuse and rape in intimate relationships; this is any situation in which force is used to obtain participation in unwanted sexual activity. Forced sex, even by a spouse or intimate partner with whom consensual sex has occurred, is an act of aggression and violence.

They also identified Emotional/verbal abuse is as any behavior that threatens, intimidates, undermines the victim’s self-worth or self-esteem, or controls the victim’s freedom. This can include threatening the victim with injury or harm, telling the victim that they will be killed if they ever leave the relationship, and public humiliation. Constant criticism, name-calling, and making statements that damage the victim’s self-esteem

Markowitz (2000), Benedictis, Jaelline and Segal (2003) identified Economic abuse as when the abuser has control over the victim’s money and other economic resources. It involves putting the victim on a strict “allowance”, withholding money at will and forcing the victim to beg for the money until the abuser gives them some money.

Benedictis, Jaelline and Segal (2003) added other forms of domestic violence and these include, spiritual abuse and stalking or cyber stalking

Stalking: Stalking is harassment of or threatening another person, especially in a way that haunts the person physically or emotionally in a repetitive and devious manner. Stalking of an intimate partner can take place during the relationship, with intense monitoring of the partner’s activities.

Spiritual abuse it can be by using the spouse’s or intimate partner’s religious or spiritual beliefs to manipulate them, preventing the partner from practicing their religious or spiritual beliefs, ridiculing the other person’s religious or spiritual beliefs, forcing the children to be reared in a faith that the partner has not agreed to.

However, the two were reporting on domestic violence generally without revealing the setting and circumstances surrounding it. In this study, the researcher intended to explore domestic violence in Banda and Nakawa parishes of Nakawa Division

2.3. Factors Leading to Domestic Violence

2.3.1 Failure to report cases on domestic violence by the victims.

Most women do not report cases of domestic violence to authorities (The New Vision, 28 Sept. 2007; Freedom House 2007) and police rarely intervene or investigate. Country Reports (2007), indicates that many law enforcement officials consider spousal battery “a husband’s prerogative” Other reported reasons for women’s reluctance to file a complaint include fear of reprisal, embarrassment, poverty, and ignorance of the law and lack of information on where to make a report (The New Vision, 28 Sept. 2007). The study seems to be general. Therefore, the study wanted to carry out his study on Banda and Nakawa parishes of Nakawa division so as to compare domestic violence in rural areas with that of urban areas.

Amnesty International (2007) notes that victims often do not complain to police because they depend on their partners for financial support. Another option for victims of spousal abuse is a traditional familial reconciliation process, which may involve a form of paid compensation to the victim called luk.  For Amnesty International carried out its research in Northern Uganda and therefore, the student carried out the study in central Uganda where there are mixed tribes and it is also semi-urban hence the need to compare the causes of domestic violence in rural areas with semi-urban areas.

According to Businge (2007), women attitudes towards domestic violence are the major cause of domestic violence. The findings by the researcher show that, seven in 10 women agreed that it was justified for women to be beaten.  This indicates that women in Uganda generally accept violence as part of male-female relationships, which is not surprising because traditional norms teach women to accept, tolerate and even rationalize battery.  Perhaps Businge carried out her research from a rural traditional area where there is no information of women emancipation hence the need to carry out a study in a semi-urban area so as to compare whether traditional attitudes still causes domestic violence in semi-urban areas.

2.3.1 Dependence of women on men

Dependence of women on men is a great cause of domestic violence. Dr. Lydia Mungherera, the founder of Mamas Club, says as long as women are poor and uneducated, it will be hard for them to resist domestic violence. She says: If girls are not educated, there is likely to be more domestic violence, which is dangerous to our community.  Most women are dependent on the spouse for economic well being. Having children to take care of, should she leave the marriage, it will increase the financial burden and make it difficult for her to resort to divorce.  Dependency means that women have fewer options and few resources to help them (Businge, 2011). Businge took women as too dependant on men and yet in this era, there are women who no longer depend on men for survival. Therefore, the student found it hard to accept that dependence of women on men is a great cause of domestic violence most especially in the year 2011 hence the need to carry out the study so as to find out whether such a reason also causes domestic violence in Nakawa domestic violence

2.3.3 Domestic violence in the African tradition society

Glander, Moore, (1998),  maintains that the African tradition holds it that women should not be involved in decision making, should be limited at house hold power level and also autonomy and unfavorable reproductive roles and arbitrary norms unfavorable to women especially those related to reproduction and sexuality. Such tradition to him meant that any deviation by the women would lead to family problems or harassment. This is also related to Freeman’s study in 1978, who said that wife beating is not just a personal abnormality but rather it has roots in the very structuring of the society and family that it is in cultural norms and sexist organization in society. Johnson (1985) also asserted that “payment of bride price for a woman causes imbalance in relationship between a man and a woman. Such a practice is very common in African societies where in most cases men consider women as a property on payment of bride price. This to the student is very sensitive information that needs investigation especially as his interest is to find out whether an African traditional attitude still causes domestic violence basing on the area which is a semi-urban.

2.3.4 Heavy drinking among parents as a cause of domestic violence

“Men in most cases after retiring from the drinking joints engage in use of abusive language or beating of family members due to influence of alcohol” RDC of Kumi in his speech during the Women’s Day celebrations quoted in the local Newspaper. Such a quotation to the student requires an investigation especially as it may lead to domestic violence that has already been sighted as a problem in Uganda.

Johnson N (1985) concurs with the above quotation when he emphases that it is always the women who suffer the consequences of drunkards. This is a clear indicator that is necessary to carry out an investigation as to whether heavy drinking causes domestic violence in areas of Nakawa Division since it is a semi-urban area.

2.3.5 Extra-marital sex as a cause of domestic violence

According to Henry Mulindwa’s quotation in the Red Pepper of 28^th September 2007 he commented that “a woman cut her husband’s sexual organ with a razorblade complaining that the man had gone out with another woman, thus cut out the sex organ so that he could stop this habit.”

In a similar situation the local radio in Kumi Town (Continental FM) during the community policing on crimes early in December 2007, also aired a happening in a community around when a man cut the clitoris of his wife alleging that she has extra marital sex. This occurrence provokes the student to go to the field and find out whether extra-marital sex leads to domestic violence in the area of study which is different from Kumi which is a bit of a rural area yet the student wants to carry out his study in semi-urban area and also slummy.

2.3.6 Poverty as a cause of domestic violence

Chambliss (1995) believes that: “Better education in the women is associated with a higher risk which may serve to redress the balance of power within the relationship and bolster the man’s self-esteem and control”. He further argues that when a woman is more educated and earns more income than the man who is not educated in a family, she tends to under look at him and this exposes him to inferiority complex which in a long run puts him in a psychological torture and renders him poverty stricken.  This implies that there is need to find out whether poverty leads domestic violence in Nakawa Division which is a semi-urban area because Chambliss carried out his research in a developed country and not a developing country like Uganda.

2.4 Effect of domestic violence on education attainment

Domestic violence affects women of every class, social background, race ethnicity and religion. Sylvia Tamale quoted in the Sunday monitor of October 18^th 1998 said; that domestic violence is abnormal unacceptable and abusing because it threatens , humiliates, demoralizes , lowers the self esteem of the victim which disrupt family harmony is a serious hindrance to world peace and prosperity.

According to Craig Donnellan (1993), the domestic violence victims suffer from low self esteem, personal self-doubt and deep seated feelings of failure result from a woman being told continually that she is useless, worthless, and ugly among others. The research aimed at finding out whether Nakawa division women have experienced low self esteem due to domestic violence as put in place by Craig (1993)

There is also fear among the families experiencing domestic violence, anxiety and panic are common. It immobilizes and affects the ability to make clear decisions; it causes a lack of trust in future (Craig, D 1993). Therefore, the student carried out an investigation to find out whether real domestic violence causes fear among the families that later causes lack of participation for personal development as reported by the Craig in Nakawa Division

Injuries are often sustained as a result of domestic violence, especially among women (WHO, 2003) this was also supported by Tamale (1998). The World Health organization (2003) was reporting domestic violence generally without revealing the setting and circumstances surrounding it. In this study the researcher intended to explore domestic violence in Banda and Nakawa parishes so as to establish any variance

An individual first experiences life through the family and a person is the first constituent of a particular family which defines his/ her personality and relation to community.

Domestic violence which disrupts family peace is a hindrance to development when women continue to be oppressed (Peter Kasenene, 1998). The study therefore also aimed at identifying whether real domestic violence is a hindrance to domestic violence as put by Kasenene, (1998)

In the documents produced by the Human rights watch and amnesty international in the year 1985-1995, it is discovered that it accounts for major deaths among women at marriages. As per Human rights watch and Amnesty international 1985-1995, there was many women death due to violence at marriages. Therefore, the study will aim at finding out whether it is the same case with Nakawa division, Kampala district

Clure (1964) explained that domestic violence is much more common and its effects vary, for instance; physical injuries, victims live in constant fear of the assailants and develop sleep disorders and psychomatic ailments.

Apathy and burn-out result from living too long in a state of crisis, doubt and anxiety (Craig, D 1993). According to Dutton, Nicholls, (2005) burn outs are defined as emotional, exhaustion resulting from excessive demands on energy, strength, and personal resources in the work setting. The physical warning signs of burnouts include headaches, fatigue, lowered immune function, and irritability. According to Craig (1993) and Dutton and Nicholls (2005) domestic violence can cause burn out which make one feel no compassion for any one which in turn leads to family breakups, hence the need to carry out an investigation to find out whether domestic violence leads break up of families in Nakawa division, Kampala district.

Craig (1993), suggests that depression is another challenge experienced by families and individuals who experience domestic violence. It is usually associated with guilt feelings about the failure of the relationship and inability to provide good home for children.

Craig, (1993) further suggests that Isolation is another challenge experienced by families and individuals who experience domestic violence. Many women have been deliberately isolated by their partners from their own family and friends, thus increasing their dependency on their abuser, thus the need to carry out an investigation to find out whether domestic violence also causes isolation leading to dependency in Nakawa division, Kampala district.

There is also disability and exhaustion due to domestic violence among the families and individuals and families experiencing it. It occurs because of physical injuries, enforced lack of sleep, tension, enforced pregnancy or abortion and miscarriages, and use of tranquillizers or other drugs (Craig, 1993). Therefore, the student sought to find out whether also this happens in Nakawa division, Kampala district.

Distorted perspectives, belief that a woman’s partner has the right to control her, that she is to blame, that she is not really a bused-despite clear evidence to the contrary, are all out comes commonly seen among the families and individuals who experience domestic violence (Craig, 1993). There is need to find out if also the families of Nakawa division, Kampala district experience distorted perspectives and beliefs as put by Craig (1993)

Misuse of alcohol, a small proportion of abused women resort to alcohol as away of dealing with or denying the problems associated with living with violence and fear. Some drink with their partners because of his expectations that she will share his interests and a company him (Craig, 1993). The investigator sought to find out whether it is another way of dealing with the problem also in Nakawa division, Kampala district or there is a difference

2.5    Strategies to Reduce Domestic Violence and its Effects

Drawing on a public health model, prevention activities can be categorized as primary, secondary or tertiary (Wolfe & Jaffe 1999). Primary prevention attempts to prevent the incidence of a problem in a population before it occurs. Such approaches are typically described as ‘universal’ because they target the whole population: Primary prevention strategies can introduce to particular population groups new values, thinking processes, and relationship skills that are incompatible with violence and that promote healthy, non violent relationships. (Wolfe & Jaffe 1999)

2.5.1 Community Intervention

The nature of the crime of domestic violence requires the intervention of the community to assist and support victim-survivors. Community workers should be trained to give them information on the law and law enforcement, available financial and other support offered by the State, the procedures for obtaining such assistance, among others (UNHCR, 1996). It not yet clear whether there is any community intervention in Nakawa division, Kampala district in terms of people having information on laws on domestic violence, financial support and any other support available in the area as put by UNHCR, 1996)

2.5.2 Community Workers

WHO (1996), Community workers can also play an important role in identifying violence, raising awareness about such issues and directing survivors to the correct procedures for seeking redress. Any relief given to domestic violence victims should also include counseling for both the battered and the batterers. The student sought  to find out whether it is also the same case with Nakawa division, Kampala district because WHO seemed to report on a general case which may not work for some areas.

2.5.3 Cooperation at all levels.

According to Confronting Violence (1992), Cooperation at all the levels is another way of overcoming domestic violence or helping people experiencing domestic violence cope up with life as put by the magazine “confronting violence 1992” therefore, the student sought to find out the level of cooperation at all the levels in Nakawa division when it comes to domestic violence.

2.5.4 Legislation

Legislation with regard to domestic violence is a modern phenomenon. There is an increasing belief that special laws should be drafted, having special remedies and procedures to deal with domestic violence (UNHCR, 1994). Also in relation to legislation, the student sought to find out whether individuals and families which experience domestic violence take their matters to courts of laws and also how they deal with their matters of the family in cases where there is domestic violence in Nakawa division, Kampala district

2.5.5 Police action

WHO (1996), says in most jurisdictions the power of the police to enter private premises is limited. In the context of domestic violence this can protect the violent man at the expense of the woman. Some legislation allow the police to enter if requested to do so by a person who apparently resides on the premises or where the officer has reason to believe that a person on the premises is under attack or imminent attack.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the research design, study area, the target population, sampling design, data instrument, data collection procedure, data management and analysis, ethical consideration and anticipated limitations.

3.1 Research Design

A study design, according to Opoku (2000) is a structural perspective that guides a researcher in data collection and analysis. The study employed the qualitative approach of research. According to Baron (2011), qualitative research design helps to capture qualitative data, based on qualitative aspects that may not be quantified. It aids in discovering the motives and desires or what people think and how they feel about a given subject or situation.

Specifically, the case study was used. A case study is an empirical enquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and it relies on multiples sources of evidence‟ (Yin, 1994, p.13). Case study research investigates pre-defined phenomena but does not involve explicit control or manipulation of variables: the focus is on in-depth understanding of a phenomenon and its context (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Case studies typically combine data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and document and text analysis. Eisenhardt (1989) posits that Case study strategy focuses on understanding the dynamics present within a single settings. A case study research design, combined with qualitative methods was used for this study. This method involves an unstructured approach to inquiry and allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process. It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem, issue or phenomenon without quantifying it. Its main objective is to describe the variation in a phenomenon, situation or attitude like description of an observed situation, or opinions.

3.2 Area of study

The study was conducted at Kayuga district, Kangulumira Sub County. The selection of the area of study was because the area has got many cases of domestic violence.

3.3 Target Population of the Study

According to Baron, (2011), this constitutes people-individuals, organizations, groups, communities or other units that provide information or to collect information about for the study.

Target population is the entire group of individuals about whom one wants to gather information. To design a useful research project, there is the need to be specific about the size and location of your target population. Based on this, the targeted population of the current study were the parents, girl child, teachers and local leaders.

3.4 The Sample

The sample for the study was as in table 1 below;

Table 1. Sample

3.5 Sampling Procedures

According to Baron (2011), this is a definite plan determined before data collection for obtaining a sample from a given population. It involves three decisions: who to be surveyed, how many people to survey, and how to obtain the sample.

The study employed purposive sampling technique. According to Baron (2011), this involves deliberate selection of particular units of the population for constituting a representative sample. It involves convenience and judgemental sampling. The researcher chose the sample based on who the researcher thought was appropriate for the study. Convenience sampling arises where the population elements were selected for inclusion in the sample based on the ease of access. Judgemental sampling was when the researcher used personal judgment to select the items to include in the sample.

The researcher used purposive sampling because it saves time, money and effort. It is flexible and meets multiple needs and interests. It enables researchers to select a sample based on the purpose of the study and knowledge of a population.

3.6 Source of Data

Data is defined as factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation (Gleason, 1955). The study principally depended on both primary and secondary data. Basically, the study collated qualitative data in the form of primary data from the respondents. Primary data was collected from the field survey through the administration of structured questionnaire, whilst secondary data comprised of works that had already been done in the field of involvement or participation in community development. Therefore, journals, internet sources, published and unpublished dissertations as well as empirical literature formed the secondary data used for the study.

3.7 Method of data collection

There are various methods used for collecting empirical data for case study such as interviews, archives, questionnaires, and observations (Eisenhardt, 1989; Yin, 1994). The data collection tools employed in the current research include the use of semi-structured questionnaire and interview. These tools aided in the collection of principally qualitative data for the study.

3.8 Interviews

An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. Interview refers to a one-on-one conversation with one person acting in the role of the interviewer and the other in the role of the interviewee (Dipboye, R. L., 2012). The researcher strived to get first-hand information by making appointments with individual respondents to answer questions related to the study topic.

3.9 Procedures of Data Collection

Before data collection, the researcher ensured the approval of the research instruments especially the interview guide, obtained the introductory letter from the university; then introduced herself to the authorities; sought participants’ consent after the researcher made appointments when to meet them for interviews and data collection. Finally, the data collected was analysed and presented.

3.10 Data Analysis

The data was qualitatively analyzed. It involved identifying the major themes arising from the respondents’ answers; assigning codes to these themes; classification of the major responses under the main theme; and integrating the responses into the report in a descriptive and analytical manner.

3.11 Ethical Considerations

The researcher collected data upon seeking respondents’ consent after revealing the type of information needed and the purpose to avoid potential concealment of vital information.

The researcher also maintained confidentiality of respondents’ information; and reported the true findings of the study without any bias.

3.12 Summary

The above chapter highlights in detail the process of this research. In this study, a qualitative research method was used and general information about the study area as well as reasons for this choice was discussed. The analysis was done by combining both theoretical and analytical approaches. It is important to remember that the findings presented in this study are specific to this study based on the research approach employed.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents findings of the study which thought to find out the effects of domestic violence on the family welfare. The presentation is put forth in line with study objectives. The raw data was edited to eliminate extremes and obvious errors. The information was then tabulated to reduce the bulk. The total number of respondents were 22 and their demographic characteristics are presented below;

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Table 4:1, showing the age, level of education, religion and marital status of respondents

Source: Primary data

The table shows that female respondents of the age bracket of 41 and above were 22.7% and, then age bracket of 31 – 40 were 36.4%, age bracket of 21 – 30 were 27.3% and 13.6% were teenage mothers below age of 20 and were the least participants in the study.

The findings indicate that respondents of the age bracket of 31- 40 highly contribution to the study with 36.4% which is attributed to the fact that they were always found in their households. It was also noted that age bracket of 21- 30 came second with 27.3% implying that there is a considerable number of women of a productive age engaged in relationships. Women in the age bracket of 40 and above and those in the age bracket of 11- 20 were the least participants with 22.7% and 13.6% respectively.

From the table findings show that 59.1% of respondents attained primary education, 27.3% attained secondary education, 9.1% attained tertiary level of education while only 4.5% attained university education.

It can therefore be noted from the study that respondents who attained primary education were the majority with 59.1%, the study further revealed that a majority of respondents who attended primary education reported dropping out from primary five.

The study also shows that 50% of respondents were Catholics and greatly contributed to the study, 36.4% were Protestants while 13.6% were Muslims which was the least number of respondents. The majority number of Catholics is attributed to the fact that, Kayunga district is Catholic dominant.

The findings indicated that in the study the married women contributed highly with 59.1%, then followed by women cohabiting with 40.9% which implies that married women were easily accessible in their households. The study further revealed that the widows and single women did not participate implying that a majority were cohabiting.

4.2 Factors leading to continuous domestic violence against women

Table 4:2, showing the different forms of domestic violence experienced in families.

Source, primary data

In the table above, responses from women on the forms of domestic violence shows that physical violence was highly ranked with 50%, this was a majority opinion implying that it is the most prevalent form of domestic violence in families. The study shows that 27.3% of respondents ranked psychological and emotional violence. Accordingly 13.6% of respondents ranked sexual violence. Economic violence was ranked as the least experienced form of domestic violence in families with 9.1%.

The findings also revealed that a majority of families experience both physical and psychological and emotional violence though the respondents stressed that many victims do not report psychological and emotional violence to the responsible authorities. This is in agreement with the key informant, Kayunga district, who said,

“A majority of victims of domestic violence who come seeking my intervention mainly experience physical violence and tend to be experiencing psychological violence too”.

It was also found out by the key informants on perpetrators of domestic violence that the main perpetrators are the men with few females while the main victims are always women and children. A majority of informants also reported that domestic violence in families is mainly attributed to the high level of alcohol consumption where you find that both the husband and wife are addicts.

Table 4:3, showing whether cases on domestic violence are reported to the responsible authorities

Source, primary data

From the above table findings indicated that 59% of respondents agreed that they did not report the cases related to domestic violence to responsible authorities which was a majority opinion while 41% did report the cases to the responsible authorities. There is an observable reduced reporting trend of cases on domestic violence in most families, the study revealed that the reason for not reporting cases is attributed to the bad practice of families opting to settle such criminal cases at family level, the respondents also added that the reason for not reporting cases to authorities like police is the negative response at police.

Findings from key informants also indicated that offences related to domestic violence are mainly wife battering, assault cases, desertion, wife and child neglect and threatened violence as being the most common and further ranked wife battering as the leading and then followed by assault cases in relation to domestic violence.

Table 4:4 Factors leading to continuous domestic violence against women

Source, primary data

The table shows that 31.8% of respondents revealed that abuse of alcohol and drugs is highly responsible for the rampant cases of domestic violence in their area which was a majority opinion. They attributed this to the fact that a majority of men and women in Kayunga district consume a lot of alcohol and tend to forget of their family roles which often triggers off violence in most families.

The study also shows that 22.7% of respondents revealed that there are social and cultural norms that justify violence against women. They added that for instance in their culture violence against women is seen as a justifiable act and as a way of punishment for women indiscipline and is regarded as an acceptable way of behavior.

The table shows that 18.2% of women agreed that there are weak community sanctions, laws and policies against perpetrators of domestic violence that has kept prevalence rates considerably high. They argued that there are very many laws that have been documented to reduce on domestic violence but however they are not being implemented on ground because even when the case is brought on board there is no serious course of action that takes place which has helped to maintain domestic violence in Kayunga district.

The study also shows that having multiple partners is responsible for domestic violence in Kayunga district and this accounted for 13.6% of the responses and this was attributed to the fact that a majority of couples are engaged in polygamous marriage.

Findings show that family poverty and anti-social personality disorders were the least risk factors for domestic violence with 9% and 4.5% respectively.

4.3 Effects of domestic violence on the education of girl-child

Table 4.5: The effects of domestic violence on the health of the family

Source, primary data

The above table shows that 50% of female respondents suffered from physical injuries and emotional distress, when asked about the effects of their most recent injuries a high number agreed that they were temporarily injured, others stopped work temporarily and a few got permanent injuries.

Findings show that 27.3% of respondents sustained physical injuries and suffered from mainly cuts and fractures and 22.7% suffered from emotional distress.

The findings indicated that a majority of victims of domestic violence in families suffer from both physical injuries and emotional distress which affects their health.

The effects of domestic violence on reproductive health of women in families

The findings from respondents indicated that a great number of women in most families have had sexual intercourse without consent and revealed that they majorly suffer from pain during intercourse, pelvic pain and a few acquired HIV/AIDS, this implies that a considerable number of women in families have problems concerning their reproductive health.

Increase in use of health services

When the question was asked on the use of health services a majority of the respondents agreed that in many families where violence is at the climax there is increased use of health services and with only a few disagreeing. When a question was directed to women on who is responsible for their treatment after violence has happened, findings  from the study revealed that a high number of women in families get treatment by themselves, average by their husbands and a few by their parents most especially for those in the age bracket of 11 – 20.

Table 4.6: Showing effects of domestic violence on children’s access to education

Source, primary data

The responses on the retention and access to education by children in families where there is domestic violence in terms of attendance indicated that 45.5% of respondents reported that children in most families go to school once in a while and attributed it to the fact that children often remain home to assist their parents do house hold chores especially when parents have sustained injuries from violence, and besides that do garden work where they can earn a living.

Findings show that 36.7% of female respondents revealed that the children go to school regularly because the government is implementing the Universal Primary Education, so they are often sent to school.

The study also indicated that 18.2% of respondents expressed that children in families where domestic violence is experienced have dropped out of school and reported that the inability of parents to provide scholastic materials mainly accounts for this since they are always pre occupied with violence.

Taking the majority opinion the findings show that children in most families where domestic violence is experienced go to school at intervals which has affected children’s retention in school implying that there is no treatment with dignity. The study also found out that children’s performance in class is poor.

The effects of domestic violence on the girl child in families

Table 4.7: Showing effects of domestic violence on the girl child in families

Source, primary data

The table shows that, 50% of respondents revealed that a majority of girl children from families where violence is experienced have dropped out of school and married off at an unacceptable age (below 18years).

In the study 27.3% of respondents revealed that girl children from families where domestic violence is experienced have dropped out of school and attributed it to low support to girls by parents.

Findings show that 22.7% of respondents reported that most girls have become single mothers at a tender age, the study found out that most of the girl children are initiated into early marriages where they cannot stand challenges of marriages.

Effects of domestic violence on the economic status of families

Findings from the study indicated that a majority of families have low production with low incomes because of violence.

Table 4.8: Showing the reasons for low production

Source, Primary data

The above table shows that 54.5% a majority opinion of female respondents missed out in production because of desertion. Findings indicate that in families where violence is at the climax, a majority of women often run away to their parents and friends seeking refugee which has accounted for low production in families resulting into low incomes.

Findings show that 27.3% of female respondents missed out as a result of illness due to injury from violence. The study found out that most women often withdraw from production because they may feel unwell as a result of stress.

18.2% of women missed out in production as a result of permanent injuries from beating.

It was noted by the key informants on the contribution of men towards production in families where there is domestic violence that a majority of men do not participate in production but instead waste time drinking alcohol. This implies that there is an observed trend on absenteeism by men in most families in production which results into the inability of families to achieve sustainable livelihoods.

The effect of domestic violence on the expenditure of family incomes

The study found that a majority of families where domestic violence is experienced use much of their family incomes to access health services and informal resolution bodies and a few families on police and court especially where the cases have been brought on board. Respondents revealed that whenever violence happens in the family, community leaders and other members of the family are always summoned to settle the matter of which they cannot walk away without facilitation increasing the expenditure of family incomes on cases of domestic violence.

4.4 Possible solutions to minimize domestic violence

Study needed to establish what has been or is being done to reduce domestic violence in the area and the following results were obtained and are presented below in the table below;

Majority of victims of domestic violence cited sensitization as a strategy being done to reduce domestic violence with 100% of study respondents. This was confirmed in an interview with all the town clerk who said that;

“Sometimes meetings are held to sensitize people about the dangers of domestic violence”.

The table above reveals that; reduction in cultural conservativeness is a major possible solution to domestic violence having scored 80% on the table above. Respondents suggested gender empowerment in rural areas both male and female through workshops and seminars.

However, it could not be confirmed in the document review in any of the offices in terms of number of meetings, or number of people who attend.

“Currently a number of policies and bills are being amended to be forwarded to parliament for example the Marriage and Divorce Bill”.

Guidance and counseling of offenders and victims was more reported with 87%.

“We normally go to the community and talk to them on how to live in harmony with each other”

There was a report also on arresting offenders, training families and LCIs on DV and no report on Gender empowerment in the study.

 “With Universal Primary and Secondary Education in place, many girls are now in schools which will help to reduce such cases in the future.” Said the CDO.

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

The study sought to find out the effects of domestic violence on the education attainment of girl child. The findings were obtained and analyzed in chapter four; this chapter therefore discusses those findings and presents the conclusions and recommendations.

5.1 Discussion of findings

5.1.1 Factors leading to domestic violence

The study discovered that a majority of women in most families experience physical violence as the most prevalent form of domestic violence with 40% highest ranking from the respondents. However the study also revealed that most families experience both physical violence and psychological violence. A majority of respondents also reported that men are the main perpetrators with a few women. In relation to the different forms of domestic violence that are experienced in most families the study found out that 55.5% of female respondents did not report cases related to domestic violence to the responsible authorities and identified wife battering and assault cases as the leading offences.

In line with this objective it observed in table 4:8, that 31.8% a majority of respondents revealed that abuse of alcohol and drugs is highly responsible for the rampant cases of domestic violence in their area. Saidi and Fawole (2008) affirm this where they noted that even though the exact relationship between alcohol and violence remains unclear, researchers have consistently found drinking patterns to be related to intimate partner and sexual violence. This was observed by the researcher in the area of study that a majority of men and women in Kayunga district consume a lot of alcohol and tend to forget of their family role which often triggers off violence in most families.

5.1.2 Effects of domestic violence on the education of girl child

One of the major findings was that a bigger number of women in families where domestic violence is experienced suffer from ill health, findings from female respondents revealed that 47.5% suffered from both physical injuries and emotional distress. Krug et al., 2002; Mugawe & Powell (2006) affirm this where they asserted that violence is a major cause of ill health among women and girls, as seen through death and disabilities due to injuries, and through increased vulnerability to a range of physical and mental health problems.

The researcher observed this whereby a majority of women sustained permanent scars from beating and a few had mental health problems. The major findings were that a majority of respondents 50%, reported that girl children in families where domestic violence is experienced have dropped out of school and got married off at an unacceptable age (below 18years).

Findings are in agreement with USAID (2006) that progress in education, particularly girls’ enrolment and retention in schools is clearly constricted by the high prevalence of domestic violence within the family and the sense of insecurity that girls face on the way to and from school. Domestic violence also limits the participation of girls in specific educational/ vocational programs.

In the study it was observed that most of these families are poverty stricken so parents often force their children into early marriages to get dowry such that they can support their families which has limited girls’ participation in education.

According to table 48, findings indicate that 54.5% a majority opinion of female respondents revealed that most families experience low production because of desertion. Watta, Charlotte (2009) affirms this where it was noted that “the inability to work and potential desertion by the partner can often mean that household members literally starve – daily food purchases are not made, and  children are left in the care of extended family or neighbors”. The table below therefore summarizes responses on the reasons for the low production in families.

The researcher observed this in families where violence is at the climax that a majority of women often run away to their parents and friends seeking refugee which has accounted for low production in families resulting into low incomes. It is also noted that besides that a majority of men do not participate in production but instead waste time drinking alcohol. This implies that there is an observed trend on absenteeism by men in most families in production which results into the inability of families to achieve sustainable livelihoods.

The study also went ahead to show that a majority of families where domestic violence is problem spend their incomes on cases involving domestic violence. This view is in agreement with Redner, 2004 who noted that domestic violence results in immediate costs for households and communities. At the household level, violence often results in – out of pocket expenditure to access health services, the police, courts or informal resolution bodies.

In the study it was observed that most of the money is spent on access to health services and on informal resolution bodies, it was revealed that whenever violence happens in the family, community leaders and other members of the family are always summoned to settle the matter of which they cannot walk away without facilitation increasing the expenditure of family incomes on cases of domestic violence.

5.1.3 Possible solutions to minimize domestic violence against women and girl child

There were a sizeable number of responses on sensitization and arresting of offenders so as to reduce domestic violence. This is in agreement with WHO (1996) which stated that some legislations allow the police to enter if requested to so by a person who apparently resides on the premises or where the officer has a reason to believe that a person on premises is under attack or imminent attack

Also the respondents in chapter four cited the enacted domestic violence bill (2010) by some respondents. The above findings are in agreement with UNHCR (1994) which stated that special laws should be drafted, having special remedies and procedures to deal with domestic violence.

There is training of LCIs and families on dangers and how to handle domestic violence related cases as shown in table 4 of chapter four. This is in agreement with UNHCR (1996) which said that community workers should be trained to give them information on the law and law enforcement, available financial and other support offered by the state, the procedures for obtaining such assistance among others.

5.2 Conclusion

In view of the findings above, it is evident from the study that domestic violence occurs in Kayunga and is on a rise. It is an influential factor in all the aspects of family social life, the researcher concluded that domestic violence manifested in its different forms has a big effect on women’s life which has in turn affected the general welfare of the family.

It was noted that on social/economic welfare, a majority of women have been severely affected by domestic violence increasing morbidity since they suffer from both physical injuries and emotional distress, children have equally been adversely affected in terms of limited access to education and the girl children’s safety threatened by having high rates of school drop outs and exposure to early marriages escalating the problem of single mothers, economically families have had low production and increased in – out of pocket expenditure on health services and fines imposed causing hunger because of low incomes. It was also noted that the abuse of alcohol and drugs is the major factor responsible for the high prevalence rates of domestic violence in Kayunga district though other risk factors were also pointed out in the study.

Domestic violence has therefore affected the family welfare in terms of inability to achieve sustainable livelihoods and having broken families because of increased desertion of women and absenteeism of men from production, limited development and brought about resultant reduction in the physical and mental status of women. This shows that the inherent dignity of family members especially for women and children is not upheld.

Therefore to reduce domestic violence and its effects, it was found out that offenders are being arrested, sensitization on dangers of domestic violence, guidance and counseling on family related issues, recruitment of LCIs with knowledge on DV, training families and LCIs and families on DV, enacted bill on domestic violence and gender empowerment. Therefore, domestic violence is an act that dehumanizes the human kind that needs to be handled with an iron hand.

5.3 Recommendations

5.3.1 Recommendations for action

The government through its institutions like the police and courts of law should put the existing laws on domestic violence passed by legislators into implementation and give deterrent punishments to the perpetrators other than leaving them merely defined. This will help curb the endemic of domestic violence because the study found out that its mostly women who are affected which later turns out to be an implication for the whole family in terms social, economic and political aspects with physical violence being the most common among forms.

Non-Government Organizations should come into partnership with the police through the Child and Family Protection Officers and community liaison police officers and other stake holders involved in the fight against domestic violence and then go down on the ground to sensitize families and communities on the effects of domestic violence on their family welfare as highlighted in the study in order to curb harmful act of domestic violence.

The study found out that there is a reduced trend on reporting cases related of domestic violence in most families, in line with this, women in families should probably be educated on the existing legal provisions that protect their rights to freedom, right not to be exploited and the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment. This is intended to create awareness such that they can bring the cases on board other than suffering in silence.

The study revealed that men are the main perpetrators of domestic violence, this calls for formation of Male Action Groups. There is need to involve the potential perpetrators in handling matters of domestic violence. There should be male groups per village who are trained and charged with the role of being a pressure group on fellow men to become Anti – domestic violence advocates.

The study discovered that most families have low production and low incomes as a result of increased in – out of pocket expenditures on health services and informal resolution bodies, health wise a majority of women suffer from both physical injuries and emotional distress and there is treatment of children without consideration and dignity since there is limited access to education, there is need to set up Anti – domestic violence Pressure Groups to work against domestic violence in the families and community. The pressure group should constitute both male and female with clear and well laid out terms of reference as set by the community. Members of the group need to be trained on the different aspects of domestic violence.

There is need to enhance the capacity of elders (clan leaders) in the community especially on the way of handling cases involving domestic violence. Equipping them with basic guidance and counseling skills and techniques can be quite optimistic in fighting the problem of domestic violence since victims fear bringing cases to the attention of responsible authorities.

There is also need to enhance the capacity of Anti – domestic violence pressure groups, these should be trained on the different aspects of domestic violence for example causes, forms, effects, measures to prevent, places of service, human rights, pertaining legal framework, gender and violence among others.

5.3.2 Recommendations for further research

1. The role of Non-Government Organizations in raising the welfare of families
2. The influence of alcoholism on domestic violence among families

REFERENCES

A.C Gielen et al (1994) International conflict and physical violence during child bearing,

Baller and Charlie (1961) Rights and responsibilities in family and society, Macmillan London

Barzellatos (1980) Understanding sexual and reproductive violence, Vol. 63, Macmillan London.

Champbell (1999) The effects of excessive alcohol consumption on family life, Nairobi – Kenya.

Chambliss (1995) Domestic violence; an educational imperative  obstetgynecol. 172: 1035-1038

Farrant (1985) Principles and practices of education, Longman London

Gazmarararian (1996) The relationship between pregnancy  intendedness and physical violence with mothers with   newborns, obstet Gynecol 85:1031- 1038.

Glader S.S Moore M.L (1998) The prevalence of domestic violence among women seeking abortion, obstet Gynecol 91:1002- 1006

Herny F. Mirima (1987) Moral issues in gender, Heinemann educational publisher, London

Johnson N. (1985) Marital violence, Longman London

Karen Musalo (1978) World Net Dialogue , Thomes Publishers  Ltd England

Karen Musalo (1978) World net Dialogue   Thomes Publishers

L.R Chambers et al (1995) Women who kill their husbands Longman London

Lady Kikonyogo, New vision Wednesday 24th .03.1999, Kampala, Uganda Ltd

M.C Clure (1964) Witnesses and family violence, Macmillan, London

M.D.A Freeman (1992)  Violence in the home, Longman   London

Michael Keene (1995) Christianity and Social issues, Longman, London

Patrick Bageya New Vision 24th .03.1999 Kampala, Uganda

Peter Kasenene (1998) Religious ethics in Africa, Kampala

1. Dobash (1980) Violence against women, East African Educational publisher Nairobi,
2. Bradley (1989) Domestic violence in traditional societies, Macmillan
3. Mahmud and A.M Joluster (1994) Women’s status, empowerment and productive outcomes Croom Helm Longman London

United Nations data on human violence 1986-1989

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear respondent;

I am Ndagano Petronila a student of Kyambogo University, pursuing a Bachelor of Development Studies. I am carrying out a study on the effects of domestic violence on the education attainment of girl child in Kayunga district. I have identified you as one of my respondents and i therefore request you to answer the questions as objectively and accurately as possible. The information you provide will be treated with total confidentiality and strictly for the purpose of the study only

Thank you very much

SECTION A

Background information

1. Marital status

(A) Married                                                    (B) Widow

(C) Single                                                       (D) Cohabiting

2. Age

(A). 11 – 20                                                  (B) 21 – 30

(C). 31 – 40                                                  (D) 41and above

3. Level of education

(A) Primary                                                      (B) Secondary

(C) Tertiary                                                     (D) University

4. Religion

(A) Protestant                                                   (B) Catholic

(C) Muslim

SECTION B: Factors leading to domestic violence

5. Have you ever experienced domestic violence?

(A)       Yes                                                          (B)         No

If Yes in 5 above, which forms of domestic violence do you experience in your family?

• Sexual violence (B) Physical violence

(C) Psychological violence                         (D) Economic violence

7. Do you report cases to the responsible authorities?

• Yes (B) No

If yes, what action was taken?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Why do you think domestic violence is still rampant in your area?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION C: To investigate the effects of domestic violence on education of girl child

9. Have you ever felt unwell because of violence in your home?

• Yes (B) No

10. Did you suffer from any of the following in the last 12 month as a result of the violence between you and your partner in your family?

(A) Injuries                                            (B) Emotional distress

(C) If any other, specify

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

11. Have you ever had sexual intercourse without consent?

• Yes (B) No

If yes, what was the effect on you?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. What was the effect of your most recent injury as a result of violence in the family?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. Do you get treatment after experiencing violence in your home?

• Yes (B) No

If yes, who gives you the treatment?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

14. How is the children’s attendance in school?

(A)  Regularly                                  (B) Once in a while

(C) Dropped out

In case of any in Qn.14. above then what is the cause?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

15. What is the effect of domestic violence on the girl children? Probe on education and cases of early marriages

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

16. Have you ever experienced reduction in production because of violence in your home?

(A) Yes                                                               (B)   No

If yes, what is the cause?

• Permanent injury from beating (B) Desertion

(C) If any other Specify

……………………………………………………………………………………….

17. Do you spend family incomes on cases involving domestic violence?

(A) Strongly agree                               (B) Agree

(C) Disagree                                         (D) strongly disagree

(E) Not sure

Where do you spend those incomes?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

18. In your own view, what do you think can be done to reduce domestic violence among women?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION.

APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE

Dear respondent

I am Ndagano Petronila a student of Kyambogo University, pursuing a Bachelor of Development Studies. I am carrying out a study on the effects of domestic violence on the education attainment of girl child in Kayunga district. I have identified you as one of my respondents and i therefore request you to answer the questions as objectively and accurately as possible. The information you provide will be treated with total confidentiality and strictly for the purpose of the study only

SECTION A

1. What are the factors leading to continuous domestic violence against women in Kangulumira Sub County in Kayunga district?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. In what ways does the domestic violence affect education attainment of girl child?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. What are the possible solutions to minimize domestic violence against women …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION.