CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Karambi Sub County is located in the district of Kasese western Uganda and it comprises of six parishes. The Sub- County is located in the rain shadow of Rwenzori Mountain and four parishes depends solely on spring water and open ponds and only two parishes are partly served with piped water, with a population of 35000 and around 17000 people respectively and where one source can serve about 700 households (two villages). The sub county has a total number of 30 springs protected and there are others that are not protected. Out of 30 springs, 11 are functioning, some has shifted and others have dried out completely.

The researcher envisages that the following procedure will enable him complete the research and provide adequate timely results. For this, he has broken down methods to achieve every objective individually, as shown below;

To establish the factors contributing to the shifting of water flow in the protected water springs, to identify the different protection method that can be used to improve the existing water springs and to determine the readily available materials that can be used to improve protection around water sources in  Karambi Sub county in Kasese District..

3.2. Research design

The ground water sources in the sub county shall be explored using cross section surveys of existing sources. The sources shall be selected in a random sampling method and a sample will be determined using the source population. Due to a limitation in the finances on the side of the researcher, the source samples shall be limited to about ten (10) sources. As physical examination shall be carried out to assess the existing design, operation and performance of the protected source. The nature of materials used in spring construction shall be explored using cross section surveys.  The feasibility of using waste water bottles shall be determined through the construction of one trial spring using waste water plastic bottles filled with soils for building head wall using cement sand mortar, an attribute that will lead to waste recycling and shall minimize on the pollution and sustainable solid waste management. A review of the current protection methodologies shall be done and mechanisms on improvement shall be suggested through the use of clay soil as capping material.

Addition of other design elements that shall detect the escape of water from the pan; tests shall be conducted on different materials that were used to protect the source eye. e.g pounded clay and strength test shall be carried out on waste bottle filled with soil and then protect the catchment area. The main flow path shall be located and distance for positioning head wall shall be determined. Capping of the source eye with pounded clay, filled with granite stones and crashed aggregates to act as filter on the source base. The stones shall be covered with clay of thickness 300mm. And back filling, grass planting, excavation of the storm water channel, facing and training of the local leaders on the new technology employed.

3.3 Material acquisition and preparation

The nature of the source shall be identified as either being dried-up or still-flowing. The flow of the source, and quantity and quality and possible demand from the community shall be explored through a checklist and a questionnaire. The population of the community shall be noted and the projected population shall be established using UBOS statistical values (UBOS, 2014).

3.4 Data collection procedure

The data shall be collected using checklists and questionnaires. Also, the researcher shall include observation and focused group discussions with the village and community leaders.

3.2.5 Data processing and analysis

The data will be analysed using MS EXCEL, using ranking method, to produce timely results and enable the researcher draw excellent conclusions on the same.

3.4.2 Material acquisition and preparation

The researcher intends to explore the various social and economic parameters of the society using observations and interviews and a closed questionnaire. The guiding principle shall be the research indicators from existing number of springs and numbers of homes near the spring’s environment. To the prevalence of diseases and the most common diseases in the community shall be examined. The researcher intends to visit hospitals and health centers, to verify the data. The social aspects of culture, norms and values shall be determined for the community.

3.4.3 Data collection procedure

The data will be collected using observations and questionnaires and test results from laboratory. Also, the researcher will include observations on the level of poverty and number of individuals in various households with water borne diseases. The observations will be written down in a record book, and questionnaire will be administered using a local language, the responses will be circles accordingly.

3.4.4 Data processing and analysis

The data will be analysed using, MS EXCEL, using ranking method, to produce timely results and enable the researcher draw excellent conclusions on the same

To establish the factors contributing to the shifting of water flow in the protected water springs,

To identify asuitable protection method that can be used to improve the existing water spring

To propose an improved design of the protection system that can further the life of the protected spring.

To determine the readily available materials that can be used to improve protection around water sources in  Karambi Sub county in Kasese District.

Summary of methodology

• Site visit for selection of sources 10 in number.

The sources shall be selected in random sampling method. Community members will be asked to give their opinions concerning the shifting of the water springs. The researcher will also visit the water springs and carry out observation to see how the community maintains the protected springs

• Location of the source eye

This shall be carried out by excavating and open up the faulty existing protected spring.

Yield measurement

The discharge for each faulty spring shall be assessed, using backet/ stop clock. And or v-noch

• Assess the protection system

A physical examination shall be carried out to assess the protection system of the existing protected spring.

Assessment of the materials used

Inspection shall be carried out to assess the nature of the materials that was used for capping the source.

To desig a suitable protection method that can be used to improve the existing water springs

• Desk research

The research will be about the suitable protection method that can be used to improve the existing water springs.

Design drawings for the improved protection system shall be produced and compared with the existing

Design drawings

Design component to be adopted are, collection area, weep holes, over flow pipe, live face, drainage channel, head wall, apron slab, supply pipe.

To propose an improved design of the protection system that can further the life of the protected spring in Karambi sub county in kasese district

To determine the readily available materials that can be used to improve existing protected water sources that are cost effective.

Materials shall be identified by the researcher suitable for the design and according to the findings.

Tests shall be carried on local materials like waste plastic bottles filled with soil, and clay soil.

Cost analysis shall be carried out for comparison purposes.

Tests to be conducted

1. On plastic bottles filled with soil

• Compressive tests

1. On clay soils

• Direct test method
• Drying shrinkage test
• Particle size distribution test

SUMMERY OF THE METHODOLOGY

References

Gribovszki, Z., Szilágyi, J., & Kalicz,  P. (2010). Diurnal fluctuations in shallow groundwater levels and streamflow rates and their interpretation–A review. Journal of Hydrology, 385(1-4), 371-383.

Calow, R. C., MacDonald, A. M., Nicol, A. L., & Robins, N. S. (2010). Ground water security and drought in Africa: linking availability, access, and demand. Groundwater, 48(2), 246-256.

Herring, T. A Ji, K. H., &. (2012). Correlation between changes in groundwater levels and surface deformation from GPS measurements in the San Gabriel Valley, California. Geophysical research letters, 39(1).

Zhang, H., Shi, Z., Wang, G., Sun, X., Yan, R., & Liu, C. (2019). Large earthquake reshapes the groundwater flow system: Insight from the water‐level response to earth tides and atmospheric pressure in a deep well. Water Resources Research, 55(5), 4207-4219.

Nwanya, A. C., Alagbe, S. A., & Garba, M. L. (2019). evaluation of total groundwater reserves (water budget) of owerri and environs, southeastern nigeria. evaluation, 5(6).

Bryan, K. (1919). Classification of springs. In: Journal of geology, vol. 27, p. 522

Johnson, C.R. (1976). Village water systems. Kathmandu, Nepal, UNICE.

Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2014). Uganda National Population Census Report, UBOS, Kampala.

Waste Plastic Bottle as Construction Material 2017 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, pg6  (Simanshu P. Pandey, 2017) .

(Howard et al., 2001) Design of spring .

..Savary, I. (1973) village water system,(by A.Tayong cited by 1,related article).

(. ACWADAM, RMDD 2011. (Mahamuni H, principal authors.)

.  SandeepTambe ,Ghanasham Kharel ,M.L Arrawatia ( 2011)

Questionnaire

Type of Facility: PROTECTED SPRING

1. General Information: Division: Parish:
2. Code Number:
3. Date of Visit:

Faecal Coliform/100 ml:

4. Water sample taken? Sample No.:

Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment

Risk

1. Is the spring unprotected? Y/N
2. Is the masonry protecting the spring faulty? Y/N
3. Is the backfill area behind the retaining wall eroded? Y/N
4. Does spilt water flood the collection area? Y/N
5. Is the fence absent or faulty? Y/N
6. Can animals have access within 10 m of the spring? Y/N