CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

3.0 Introduction

This chapter explains the approach and methods used in executing this study. It presents, the research design, area of the study, population sample and sampling technique, data gathering procedure and instruments to be used, validity and reliability of research instruments, procedure for data collection, and ethical consideration.

3.1 Research Design

Ojo & Adu, (2018), described a research design as, the procedure used by a researcher to conduct any study with the intention of finding suitable answers to research questions. The design used for this study will be a cross-sectional survey design. Cross sectional survey design is used when the researcher aims at collecting data at a single point in time (Creswell,2012). This research study will adopt a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods to gather comprehensive data. Mixed has numerous advantages like;  By integrating numerical data with in-depth narratives, mixed methods provide a fuller and more nuanced understanding of complex phenomena than either approach alone,  Triangulation for Validation, the use of multiple data sources enables cross-verification of findings, improving the credibility, validity, and reliability of results and Quantitative methods can answer “how many” or “how much” questions, while qualitative methods can answer “how” and “why” questions. Together, they allow researchers to explore breadth and depth, mixed methods offer flexibility in design, enabling researchers to adjust focus based on emerging data and integrate perspectives from different stakeholders.

The use of both quantitative and qualitative methods concurrently is emphasized by Amin (2005), as so when the study involves investigating opinions of people. However, the study will be largely quantitative and the qualitative data will be used for purposes of triangulation. Triangulation will be done in order to obtain a more comprehensive view about the problem by comparing and contrasting qualitative and quantitative findings and drawing valid conclusions.

3.2 Area of study

The study will be carried out in Wakiso District.

3.3 Study Population

Population refers the grouping from which the researcher intends to gather information related to the stated problem (Sandra et al., 2016). The target population in the study will come from all the teachers in the primary schools that have existed over time and have considerable experience regarding the topic under investigation. Respondents will include; the head teachers and teachers. Therefore, the study population will comprise of 30 Classroom teachers and seven 3 head teachers of the Government Aided primary schools in wakiso district (School Records, 2023). Head teachers will be targeted because they bear the responsibility of carrying out administrative tasks and while the teachers from the government aided schools made up the target group because they are at the core of teaching and learning.

3.4 Sampling procedures /strategies

Sampling refers to the process of selecting a portion of the population that will be used to represent the whole in a study. sampling enables the researcher to obtain reliable data from a manageable group while ensuring that findings can be generalized to the wider population (Creswell, 2014). The choice of sampling procedures in this study was guided by the nature of the research problem, the study objectives, and the characteristics of the target population. In this study the researcher will choose a sample of 28 respondents from a total population of 35. This will include; 3 head teachers and deputy head teachers plus 22 class room teachers.

The study will employ both Census Inquiry and Simple Random Sampling. Particularly, Census Inquiry technique will be used to select head teachers. Census inquiry refers to a study of all units in the population; it is also referred to as a complete count(Creswell, 2007). Census inquiry will be used to select head teachers from each of the schools. A Census inquiry is important in research studies because it can be presumed that when all items are covered, no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained, Gakure et al., (2013). Additionally, census inquiry produces validated information, gives details of information about a unit, and more detailed questions can be asked. A key benefit of a census inquiry is that it provides complete and highly accurate data by collecting information from every member of the population, eliminating sampling error and enabling detailed analysis of subgroups. In contrast, a major benefit of simple random sampling is that it is cost-effective and time-efficient, as it involves selecting a representative subset of the population where each member has an equal chance of being chosen, allowing reliable generalizations to be made without the expense and effort of surveying everyone.

To select teachers, simple random sampling will be used. Simple Random Sampling is the “simplest and most common method of selecting a sample, in which the sample is selected unit by unit, with equal probability of selection for each unit at each draw” (Kalton, 2011). Simple random sampling will be used during the collection of data from the classroom teachers in each school and each member of the population will have an equal probability or chance to be included in the sample. Simple random sampling will be used to choose individuals to represent the target population so that any bias in the target population is equally spread among the individuals (Creswell, 2007).

3.5 Methods and Instruments of Data collection

Primary data will be obtained directly from the field and collected through observation, surveys, and interviews. questionnaires will be delivered in person, where the researcher hands them directly to respondents; allowing respondents to complete and return them at their convenience this choice of distribution method will be chosen because it will consider factors such as cost, time, accessibility of respondents, and the need for clarification during completion.

Surveys

A questionnaire is a self-report data-collection instrument that each research participant completes as part of the research study (Johnson & Christensen, 2017). The questionnaire will be designed in a manner that could avail the information according to the objectives set in the study. The researcher will set both open and closed ended questions which will be sent to the respondents particularly teachers. This is because questionnaires because gives clear and specific responses and enable the respondents to express themselves freely. Furthermore, questionnaires can easily collect data simultaneously from a large sample in a very short period of time and minimizes costs.

The study will use A five-point Likert scale i.e. Strongly agree (SA), Agree(A), Neutral(N), Disagree(D) and Strongly Disagree (SD), will be designed, consisting of five parts that is; section A, section B and section C.

The researcher will make the questions clearly set to avoid false interpretation and responses. The questionnaires will be delivered in time so as to allow the researcher to get clarifications which enables the researcher to collect much data in a short time and also minimize on costs.

Interview Guide

A structured and semi-structured interview guide (Appendix I), will be used to help the researcher maintain consistency and ensure that all relevant topics and questions are covered during the interview. The interview guide will include a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions, to allow for both detailed responses and specific information. The researcher will make interview schedules on which to conduct the interviews with respondents and also designed an interview guide to follow during the interview sessions. According to Cohen, Manion, and Morrison (2002), interviews can be used to explore and probe participants’ responses to gather in-depth data about their experiences and feelings. Accordingly, in-depth face to face interviews will be conducted with selected teachers, particularly head teachers to gain deeper insights into their experiences, Oral questions will be posed by the interviewer and oral responses will be elicited by a standardized recording from the interviewees.

3.6 Procedure of data collection

The researcher will acquire a letter of introduction from the Directorate of Research at the institute seeking permission to carry out the study in the respective Government Aided Schools in Wakiso district. The names of respondents will not be kept in a way to ensure the confidentiality of the respondents, while in the field, the researcher will seek for permission from the head teachers to allow him to carry out his research in the schools. The researcher will administer the designed questionnaires and conduct interviews with the respective respondents in order to obtain the required information. During the process, the researcher will ensure the highest degree of confidentiality.

3.7 Data Analys and processing

Data analysis, is the process of reducing a large amount of collected, data to make sense of them (Kawulich, 2015). The data collected will be processed and analyzed to come up with meaning full, use full and understandable information. This entailed organizing the collected questionnaires, and categorizing/coding them, and then entering them into a computer using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to produce summarized frequency tables and visualizations for better presentation and analysis.

Quantitative Data Analysis

Coded questionnaire items, as well as the responses from each respondent will be entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The analysis of quantitative data included; running descriptive statistics and percentages regarding responses to the major variables in the research study Creswell, (2007), performing a cross-tabulation to examine the relationship between the independent variable and other relevant variables related to instructional management. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient will be used to analyze the statistical relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Oral interview recordings will be transcribed into written text and transcripts read through multiple times to become familiar with the content and gain a general understanding of the responses. A coding framework will be created to categorize the data. In this case codes related to each of the questions and topics discussed will be created.

3.8 Data Presentation

Data presentation refers to the systematic arrangement of the collected data into meaningful and interpretable formats that allow for analysis and discussion of the research findings.in this study Quantitative data obtained from questionnaires will be presented using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency tables, percentages, and bar graphs to illustrate patterns in learners’ performance. On the other hand, qualitative data collected through interviews and focus group discussions will be presented thematically. Responses will be organized into categories based on recurring themes, this dual approach to data presentation is intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of dual curricula. The quantitative analysis will reveal general trends, while the qualitative findings will give context and meaning to those trends, thereby enabling a well-rounded interpretation of the results.

3.9 Ethical Considerations

The researcher will get authorization letter from the institution, before conducting any research. The researcher will seek respondents‟ consent before involving them in the research. This will include briefing the respondents about the research objectives and roles of the respondents and how they are going to benefit from the research. By explaining to the respondents, the objective of the study, the researcher will not force them to participate in any way but allow individuals to decide whether or not to participate in the study. The researcher will also assure the respondents about the degree of confidentiality in the information that will be gathered from them, the names or identifications of the respondents will be anonymous by assignment of unique identifiers/codes on the questionnaires and information collected from them will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Moreover, the researcher will act on honestly, fairly and respectfully to all other stakeholders that will be involved in this study.

3.10 Limitations

The study will be restricted to selected private Islamic primary schools in Wakiso District. The findings may therefore not fully represent the situation in other districts or at the national level. Limited time for data collection and analysis may affect the extent of field coverage, which may have restricted the depth of responses from learners, teachers, and administrators. Only a specific number of schools and respondents will be included due to resource limitations, which may not capture the full diversity of experiences across all private Islamic schools.

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Appendix I : Work Plan (Time Frame)

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondent,

Section A:    Back ground information of the respondent

Please tick the most appropriate answer in the corresponding box

1. Gender: a) Male                   b) Female    

2. Age: a) 20-30 years                 b) 31-40 years                c) 41+ years and above

3.What is your highest level of education?

1. a) c) Certificate d) Diploma Level   e)   Degree Level              f) Master’s Degree            g) Post Graduate Diploma

Section B: 

Please, use the scale below to answer the questions that follow by ticking the number that corresponds to your opinion.

1. To examine the extent to which dual curricula are implemented in private Islamic primary schools in Wakiso District.

II: To identify the challenges faced by learners and teachers in balancing Islamic and secular subjects in the dual curricula.