FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN WASTE DISPOSAL OF CHILDREN AGED 0-59 MONTHS IN BANDA PARISH, NAKAWA DIVISION, KAMPALA DISTRICT.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The ministry of health has advocated for the people to construct proper human waste disposal facilities to enable the elimination of the negative consequence of poor human wastes disposal like disease andenvironmental pollution, despite, this there is still high-level of improper human waste disposal. The general study objective was to determine factors associated with human waste disposal of children aged 0-59 months in Banda parish, Nakawa division Kampala division. The specific objectives were; to determine how the social demographic factors influence Human waste disposal and to assess the knowledge of human waste disposal in Banda parish.

Methods: The sample size was 100 respondents from Banda parish. The sample was selected using systematic random. Face to Face were used to collect data using structured questionnaire. While analysis was done using excel and SPSS tool for means and percentage.

Results: Majority 65% of care takers were in the age bracket of 26-35 years of age and only 35% were in the age brackets of 19-35 years and 40% of the children were in the age bracket of 13-24 months.

Majority 60% of the care takers stated that they disposed off the children waste in the latrine; however 20% stated that they used open defecation while only 5% stated they used Toilet However the results indicates that 20% of the respondents asserted that children’s waste openly.

According to the findings 50% of the respondents assert that hygiene was the major reason for proper human waste disposal and the remaining 50% asserted that prevention of infection, while none of the respondents asserted that it leads to pollution.

The results indicate that 60% of the respondents stated that disease was the main consequences of poor human waste disposal, while 40% stated that it led to water contamination.

Conclusion and recommendation: There is significant relationship between social demographic factors like religion, gender; tribe of the child against the human waste disposal. Thestudy recommends that the government should sensitize people on the proper ways of faecal disposal.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The human population produces a significant amount of human waste every year. Disposing of the waste is often done unsafely, with some solid waste disposed of in drinking water, and others left in landfills. Each year, waterborne illnesses caused by improper disposalof solid waste, is the major greatest cause of death in the world. More people are dying of infections and diseases caused by unsafe water than armed conflict, despite this fact, discussion of sanitation practices as a focus of public conversations is rare in most places in the world (Tamang, et al, 2014).

Safe human waste management guidelines have been developed,the international community and many nations have not made steps to improve public sanitation, In large part, this is due to lack of infrastructure and resources (Almazor, 2011).

The sanitation in most parts of Mumbai is one of the worst in the world because of open defecation for the children under the age 0-59 Months (World Bank, 2016).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) an estimated 2.6 billion people lack access to improved facilities for the disposal of human excreta, such as a basic pit latrine, a toilet connected to a septic tank or piped sewer system, or a composting toilet (WHO, UNICEF, 2010).

Children of 0-59 months in Uganda normally dispose off their waste in open because most of the different cultures view open defecation for children as a normal issue and they do not pay attention to the sanitation aspects of it (Tamang, et al, 2014).

Poor Health conditions in many parts of the country are a result of open defecation of children 0-59 months (UNICEF, 2016).

2.8 million Children of 0-59 months in Kenya are still defecating in the open, the prevalence of diseases such as diarrhoea, typhoid and cholera will continue to persist unless drastic action is taken to raise the knowledge and awareness levels on latrine use (WHO and UNICEF 2015).

Change attitudes towards use of latrines as well as promote adoption of appropriate latrine hygiene practices at the household level (Moore, 2010).

An estimated 150 million children of (0-59 months) in urban areas of the Third World now live in life-and health threatening homes and neighborhoods (Anteneh  et al, (2010).

Many of Peri-urban settlements in slum areas of african towns and cities face a serious challenge of poor human waste disposal of children (0-59 months) (WASH, 2011).

Poor sanitation caused by open defecation of children 0-59 months costs Uganda Shs. 389 billion each year, a sum equivalent to Shs15,000 per person or 1.1 per cent of the national Gross Domestic Product (Tsiboe, 2014).

The culture of open defecation by Ugandan children has placed Ugandans at the risk of sanitation-related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea and typhoid, among others. In rural areas and communities along the water bodies, the few available public pit-latrines are only used by adults therefore children 0-59 months are not allowed to use them (World Bank, 2012).

Banda parish in Kampala is pre-urban settlement faced with numerous challenges like inadequate Human waste disposal facilities (UBOS, 2014).

This study therefore determined factors associated with human waste disposal of children aged 0-59 months in Banda Parish, Nakawa Division, Kampala District.

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1.2 Statement of the problem

The poor human waste disposal by children 0-59 months in Banda has accelerated numerous diseasesto both the children and the community members, this has mainly been because ofinadequate latrines in these areas, this was shown by the fact that the residents who don’t have latrines defecate in polythene papers and throw it on the road side at night (World Bank, 2015).

Proper disposal of Human waste for children 0-59 months are a challenge to many communities in Uganda such as Banda parish. Uganda as a country loses about 19.8 billion shillings each years because of the poor disposal of human waste for children 0-59 months ((World Bank, 2015).

The ministry of Health has advocated for the Parents to construct proper human waste disposal facilities for children (0-59 MONTHS) to enable the elimination of the negative consequence of poor Human waste disposal.

However despite this there is still high level of poor Human waste disposal of children aged 0-59 months, this study therefore intended to investigate the factors associated with human waste disposal of children 0-59 months in Banda parish, Nakawa Division, Kampala District.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study was to determine the factors associated with human waste disposal among children aged 0-59 months in Banda parish, Nakawa division, Kampala District.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the study were;

• (i) To determine the socio-demographic factors on Human waste disposal.
• (ii) To determine human waste disposal methods in Banda parish
• To assess knowledge of human waste disposal in Banda Parish.

Research Questions

• (i) What are the socio-demographic considerations on Human waste disposal?
• (ii) What are human waste disposal methods in Banda parish?
• What is the knowledge of human waste disposal in Banda Parish?

Indicators of the study.

• (i) The age, sex and religious implication on the use of human waste disposal method?
• (ii) The proportion of people with latrines or toilets.
• Proportion of people with knowledge on human waste disposal

1.5 Justification of the study

The study will provide information on the different methods of waste disposal; this will help the policy makers to design appropriate methods of human waste disposal of the children 0-59 months.

The study will provide information on knowledge about human waste disposal for children 0 – 59 months.

This data will provide focused discussions on aspects that the community in Banda will not know about human waste disposal of children 0-59 months.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study will help the researcher be able to obtain her university Degree of Bachelor of Education with Home economics, since it is a requirement to be fulfilled before one graduate.  The researcher will gain knowledge to advise others in similar types of research.

1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

The conceptual frame work shows that different human waste include ;Solid waste, Urine, vomit and the different human waste methods  include; Open defecation, Toilets, Latrines and potty.

The conceptual frame work further indicated that the social demographic characteristics include; Age, Sex and religion.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

Current official statistics suggest that about 2.6 billion people do not have access to improved sanitation. Out of this number, about 1.98 billion (75%) live in Asia; 0.47 billion (18%) in Africa; and 0.13 billion (5%) in Latin America and Caribbean (SIWI, 2005). In the view of Kabbaj (2005), about 400 million, which is almost half of all Africans, lack access to basic sanitation.

Worldwide, it is stated that there are twice as many children of 0-59 months  lacking access to improved sanitation facilities as those lacking access to improved water supply; and that four out of every ten people do not even have a simple pit latrine (Lenton et al, 2005; WHO/UNICEF, 2004).

The lack of decent latrines and toilets has led to the deaths of about 3,900 children 0-59 months every day (WHO, 2003; UNICEF, 2006).

2.1 Methods of human waste disposal

Poor sanitation caused by open defecation of children under five years costs Uganda Shs389 billion each year, a sum equivalent to 15,000 shillings per person or 1.1 per cent of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

2.1.1 Toilets

A toilet is a sanitation fixture used for the storing or disposal of human urine and feces. In developed countries, different forms of porcelain flush toilets are common seats are usually used in the West while squat toilets are common in East Asia (Rosenberg, et al, 2011).

These are connected to a sewer system in most urban areas and to septic tanks in less built-up areas. In many developing countries, especially in rural areas, dry toilets such as pit latrines and composting toilets remain common this is due to their affordability and the fact that if a country has water then toilet can be used as a method of waste disposal ( Babcock et al, 2013).

Due to the lack of water in India and other developing countries especially in sub-SaharanAfrica, the western style toilets are completely impractical moreover, the resources needed to construct and operate sewage treatment plants make the western toilet inappropriate for developing countries both in Africa and India. Alternatives that are cheaper, environmentally friendly and more efficient and that take the scarcity of water and monetary resources into consideration (AlMazroa et al, 2013).

More than one third of the global population 2.5 billion people do not use an improved sanitation facility, and of these 1 billion people still practice open defecation (WHO, 2015).

Most developing countries national target is to achieve total sanitation through the use of toilets by the year 2017 (SHMP, 2011). There are 5.427 million households in Nepal and 2069430 numbers of toilets are yet to be constructed in the country (CBS, 2011). This is a large number and challenging to construct within a given timeframe. Thus, it would be better to build the toilets through social mobilization at a cheap rate (Tamang,et al, (2014)

2.1.2 Pit Latrines

As of 2013 pit latrines were used by an estimated 1.77 billion people, this is mostly in the developing world as well as in rural and wilderness areas. In 2011 about 2.5 billion people did not have access to a proper latrine and one billion resort to open defecation in their surroundings (UNICEF, 2012).

Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the poorest access to latrine.  In developing countries the cost of a simple pit latrine is typically between 25 and 60 USD. Ongoing maintenance costs are between 1.5 and 4 USD per person per year which are often not taken into consideration (Falade et al, 2012).

A latrine is a place for urination and defecation, human and water waste from the household called sewage should be disposed of immediately in the latrine. Some rural areas which have good water supply can use a septic tank and get rid of sewage. In urban areas, sewage is led away by drains and large pipes known as sewers and disposed of by other means.Faeces transmit several infections therefore it is a hazardous material whose disposal must be managed correctly to maintain public health.Latrines are common in most of the under developed places of the world because oftheir low construction costs (Agarwal et al, 2013).

When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation. This decreases the transfer of pathogens between feces and food by flies. These pathogens are major causes of infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections. Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 700,000 deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days, (Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people (UN, 2010).

2.1.3 Open Defecation

Human Excreta management deals with on-site sanitation systems. Human excreta may be treated in separate treatment works or co-treated with sludges produced in wastewater treatment plants (MoH, 2013).

Open defecation fell by a remarkable 21%, from 1.3 billion in 1990 to one billion in 2012 globally. Those one billion people with no sanitation facility whatsoever continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy. Nine out of 10 people who practice open defecation live in rural areas, but the number in urban areas is gradually increasing. (UNICEF, 2015).

Human Excreta Value in our present day sludge is now considered as a problem. Long before any complete collection scheme was implementedurban areas had to deal with its organic by-products (human & animal excreta, food leftovers and various wastes from numerous places). Some wastes were directly recycled by source collection meanwhile others were valueless and disposed in special areas (Aidonidis et al, 2014).

2.1.4 Potty

A potty is a proportionately small chair or enclosure with an opening for seating (Nemeth et al, 2003).

There are two basic types of potty seats. The first is a stand-alone potty that children sit on. These come with a bowl that is emptied in toilet or openly.

The second type is a seat that fits on top of a toilet seat. These help children fit onto the seat and help them feel safe (African research review. 2009).

The potty is mainly used by the children in the urban areas this is because parents can afford to buy them unlike in rural areas who are poor and view a potty as luxury and therefore their children use open defecation (Kumie, 2010).

2.2.1 Socio- demographics

2.2.1 Tribe

Most of the pastoral tribes in Uganda like Karamajongs do not use latrines because the, culture permits opendefecation of children below 0-59 months however this has affected the sanitation of the community due to escalation of many diseases in the area which has been brought up due to poor human waste disposal practices (Tamang, 2014).

Most of the nomadic tribes do not use modern human waste disposal methods therefore they resort to open defecation because they often live a life of temporary settlement (Mastitsky,2010).

As a result, nomadic tribes are rarely subjected to new ideas and become deeply entrenched in their beliefs. These characteristics therefore makes the nomadic tribes to use encourage their children to use open defecation. (Mastitsky, 2012)

The tribes which practice agriculture have a relatively stable settlement therefore such tribes will tend to construct human waste disposal facilities like pit latrines (Schott et al, 2012).

The demographic make-up of a family determines the character of the members and this also dictates thebehavior of the people, (Kosek, 2012).

In many cultures, for example, masai encourage their children to use open defecation for children 0-59 months (Dahal et al, 2014).

2.2.2 Age

Human faeces if left exposed can lead to various diseases therefore lowering the quality of life of both children and adults in the area.Reckless disposal of human waste has been mainly more dangerous because of the increase in the number of people in the world.However most of the people who practice open defecation are mainly young children, this is because of the communities in Africa view open defecation by children as normal (UNICEF, 2014).

The age of the people also influences how people interpret and evaluate the environment in which they live. Investments in sanitation seek to improve health by providing a clean physical environment for households. When sanitation behaviour is found to vary widely between communities within the same physical environment, predetermined rules cannot be applied. However, the sanitation behaviour of individuals usually has a rational basis, and people are often aware of the environmental causes of ill-health (Zerbock, 2013).

The different disposal methods of human waste in some parts of the African continent and India are determined by the age of the children (Moore, 2012).

The children 0-59 months are allowed to dispose of their feaaces openly because the parents fear that the young children will fall inside the latrines (Narayan, 2010).

2.2.3 Family Size

The size of a family determine the waste disposal method especially in sub-Saharan African when the family is large and its under extended systems they prefer to use open defecation because according to most African tradition in-laws are not allowed to share toilets (Aderemi,, 2012).

The demographic make-up of a given family determines the method of disposal of the family members (Moore, 2012).

2.3 Knowledge of Human waste disposal

The continued neglect of the proper human waste disposal at all levels has been worrying (Water Aid, 2008).

Overall, 80% of countries recognized right to water compared to just over 50% who recognized right to human waste disposal method (WHO, 2012).

Until 2010, the United Nations (UN) had not recognized access to safe sanitation as a basic human right and therefore open defecation for children 0-59 months was very high without any checks (WHO, 2012).

In order to accelerate progress towards attainment of universal coverage of proper human wastes disposal. Despite the intensive advocacy and lobby initiatives to raise the sanitation profile globally, the sanitation sector remains underfunded and a key challenge in most developing countries (WSP, 2012).

Poor human waste disposal challenges is a direct cause of 11% of under-five mortality globally with developing countries especially Sub Saharan Africa bearing the most consequences; the major contributing factor being open defecation practiced by 1.1 billion people (UNICEF, 2012).

Increasing access to improved proper human waste disposal is not only possible, it is essential for nations to prosper, however most of the people in low developed counties like Uganda due to lack of knowledge they don’t know the benefits of proper human waste disposal for children in the age brackets of 0-59 months.

Although Governments and other partners continue to make commitments to increase improved human waste disposal use as well as funding for the sector, the efforts are not adequate to address the current improved latrine use disparities. Without concerted action, the lack of sanitation will continue to impact the lives of millions of people and impede progress on development (Olhoff et al, 2010).

Improving sanitation is not limited to physical-structural aspects but also includes having the correct knowledge on latrine use and maintenance of those facilities as well as behaviour change towards more hygienic practices (Orisakwe, et al, 2010).

Sanitation and hygiene are critical to health, survival, and development. Many countries are challenged in providing adequate sanitation for their entire populations, leaving people at risk of water, sanitation, and hygiene related diseases. Approximately 19,500 Kenyans, including 17,100 children under the age of five years, die each year from diarrhoea (Gok, 2012).

Diarrhoea prevalence for children in the age brackets of 0-59 months remains at 17% nationally, but disproportionately, this has been brought about due to the challenges of lack of knowledge by most of these communities who do not understand the health impacts of improper human waste disposal (Murray, 2012).

A household’s decision to adopt the use of human waste disposal facilities has little to do with the prevention of fecal-oral diseases (Jenkins, 2007).

Despite the fact that human waste disposal method is often perceived to be a household matter, the influence of wider community factors may not be overruled and an in-depth understanding of all factors promoting proper human waste disposal  method at all levels is valuable (World Bank, 2004).

The benefits of improved latrines tohouseholds in the urban areas cannot be overemphasized. In the extreme cases of refugee influx (Rosenberg, et al, 2011).

Ownership of a human waste disposal facility does not guarantee health benefits unless the said facility is utilized effectively (Anteneh, &Kumie, 2010). However, many factors have been shown to promote proper human waste disposal methods such as behavioral, demographic, geographic, climatic and economic (LabSpace-the Open university, 2012).

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Area

Banda is located in Nakawa division specifically on Kampala-Jinja road. Banda is bordered by Kiwatule the north, Kireka to the east, Kinawataka to the southeast, Mbuya to the south, Nakawa to the southwest, Ntinda to the west and northwest. The location of the hill is approximately 11 kilometers, Banda has a population of 5,959 and the majority of people are mainly dealing in small scale business.

3.1 Research Design

Across-sectional study design was used for this study to determine thefactors associated with human waste disposal of children aged 0-59 months in Banda Parish, Nakawa division, Kampala district.

Inclusion criteria

The study included children within 0-59 months and their care takers who gave written information.

Exclusion criteria

The researcher also excluded all the children in the brackets of 0-59 months, who experienced mental disability and neurological challenges because they could not control their bowel.Care takers whodid not give consent were excluded.

3.2 Study Population

The study populations were children aged 0-59 months. The care givers of the children were the primary source of information.

3.4 Sample size and Selection

The sample size was determined using the Kish Leslie (1965).

n=    (Z²  PQ)

d²

Z= The standard normal deviant (1.96) at 95% confidence level.

P=The proportion of the survey population with particular characteristics of the study.

Q= The probabilistic derivative.

d=The degree of precision (5%)

n=(1.96)²  0.9×0.1 = 100

0.05²

3.5 Sampling procedure and Sampling technique

The study was carried out in Banda which had a total of 12 zones. Each zone was assigned a unique number using simple random sampling technique the researcher used the ballot method to select one zone for this study.

Systematic sampling was used to select households. The sampling interval was determined by using dividing the population size (N) by the sample size of the study (n). According to the LC1 of Banda Parish, the selected zone had … households. The sampling interval for this study was therefore … the first first household was selected randomly. If a household did not have a child under 5, then the next household was selected. For households with more than one child, only one child was selected. Simple random sampling was used for such households by assigning each child a unique. The ballot method was then used to select the child from the households.  The researcher chose all the households randomly.

The study used systematic random sampling to determine the sample size, The sampling started by selecting an element from the list at random and then every k^th element in the frame was selected, where k, the sampling interval was calculated as wheren is the sample size, and N is the population size.

K=N/n

1000/100

K=10HH

According to the LC I records Banda parish is densely populated and therefore the researcher chose a total of 10HH.

3.4 Data collection methods

3.5 Data Collection Tools

3.5.1 Semi-Structured Questionnaire

The questionnaire was used for collecting information in line with study objectives that included socio-demographic factors,  human waste disposal methods AND knowledge of human waste disposal.

3.6 Data analysis and management

Bivariate analysis was done using chi-square, (Chi square) test, was used to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables, Pvalue≤0.05 signified statistical significance.

3.7 Ethical considerations

Permission to carry out the study was sought from the LCI chairperson Zone 8, Banda parish.The researcher obtained a letter of introduction from Kyambogo University that permitted her to carry out research in the selected zone of Banda Parish.

Written informed consent was got from the caretakers of the children of confidentiality by informing them that the study was purely for academic purpose and all the information that were given by the respondents was treated with confidentiality.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the findings as from the questionnaire in relation to study objectives;

4.1 Presentations of findings

4.1.1 Social demographic presentation of findings

Table 1: Social demographic presentation of findings

Findings from the table above reveals that male children were 55% of the total populations while female were 45%.

The results indicates that  65% of the care takers were in the age bracket of 26-35 years of age, and only 35% were in the age brackets of 19-35 years.

From table 1 above, 40% of the childrenwere in the age bracket of 13-24 months, while 20% of the children were in the age bracket of 25-36 months.

According to the table above 50% of the care takers were Catholics, while the minority (10%) were Protestants.

Most of the respondents were 30% Basoga, 30% Banyakole, 25% Baganda while the remaining 15% belonged to other denomination.

The study show that 40% of the care takershad a house hold that had less than 5 people with the remaining 60% had more than 5 people in their house hold.

According to the findings 55% of the care takers asserted that they had 3 children in their house while only 15% of them had one child at home.

The study results also show that 35% of the care takers were unemployed, while as 5% were casual laborers.

4.1.2 Disposal of children’s waste

Table 2: Showing Disposal of children’s waste

Majority 60% of the care takers stated that they disposed off the children waste in the latrine; however 20% stated that they used open defecation while only 5% stated they used Toilet.

From the table above the results indicates that 20% of the respondents asserted that children’s waste openly.

4.1.3 Use of Potty

Table 3: Use of Potty

Majority 75% stated that they do not use potty while only 25% used potty for disposal of Human waste.

4.1.4 Sharing of potty

Table 4: Sharing of potty

In table 4 above, 80% of the respondents stated that they don’t share a potty while only 20% shared.

4.1.5 Method for Disposal of potty wastes

Figure 1: Method for Disposal of potty wastes

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From figure 1 above, 60% of the respondents use latrines to dispose of potty waste, 10% used open defecation, the results further indicates that 30% of the respondents used toilets for the disposal of potty waste.

4.3 Knowledge of human waste disposal methods 

Table 5: Knowledge of human waste disposal methods

Findings shows that 50% of the respondents assert that hygiene was the major reason for proper human waste disposal and the remaining 50% asserted that prevention of infection, while none of the respondents asserted that it leads to pollution.

The results indicate that 60% of the respondents stated that disease was the main consequences of poor human waste disposal, while 40% stated that it led to water contamination.

The finding indicated that 60% wash toilets and latrines to keep them clean while 40% stated that they scrub.

Majority 90% of the respondents stated that latrines/toilets were essential for their homes, while 10% only disagreed. Thefinding shows that all the respondents assert that they wash their hands after visiting the toilets.

Bivariate analysis using chi square

There was a statistical relationship between age of the children and human waste disposal this was indicated by the (Pvalue 0.007).

The results shows that there was a statistical relationship between knowledge and human waste disposal method this was indicated by the (Pvalue 0.029).

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introductions

5.1 Discussion of findings

This chapter discussed human waste disposal methods, knowledge and the socio-demographic factors on Human waste disposal of children in Banda 0-59 months.

5.1.1 The socio-demographic considerations on Human waste disposal

The results indicates that there was a strong relationship between the tribe of the children and the human waste disposal method, this view points out that some tribes have different perception on the human waste disposal method, therefore should be strong advocacy for different tribes to embrace a sustainable Human waste disposal method. This was also in line with Kerr, (2011) who states that some tribes in African society view use of latrines as a taboo.

This view is also shared by Mastitsky, (2012) who states that nomadic tribes are rarely subjected to new ideas and become deeply entrenched in their beliefs. These characteristics therefore makes the nomadic tribes to use encourage their children to use open defecation.

The study also further indicates that most of the respondents are Catholics and very few of the respondents were Muslims, these findings also show that Christians are the majority of the respondents in the study, the results also further indicates that religions of the respondents have an impact of the choice and decision by an individual to use a specific human waste disposal method.

The results in the study also indicates that there was a statistical relationship between occupation of care takers and human waste disposal method, this indicates that the occupation of the caretakers affects the choice of the Human waste disposal method. This also further shows that poor people normally use open defecation and the rich ones use latrines or toilets.

The findings show that the majority of the respondents were Basoga, Baganda while the Luo also existed (Schott et al, 2012), , The tribes which practice agriculture have a relatively stable settlement therefore such tribes will tend to construct human waste disposal facilities like pit latrines, Lindholm describes two subsets of the segmentary societies: nomadic and sedentary tribes. Both cases can be found within different societies.

5.1.2 Human waste disposal methods in Banda parish

The results in the study indicated that most of the respondents used latrines for human waste disposal this view is also supported by UNICEF, (2012) who states that as of 2013 pit latrines are used by an estimated 1.77 billion people, this is mostly in the developing world as well as in rural and wilderness areas. In 2011 about 2.5 billion people did not have access to a proper toilet and one billion resort to open defecation in their surroundings, this also shows that latrines are affordable to the people in Banda and therefore they are common as compared to other human waste disposal methods like toilets.

This is also in line with (Agarwal et al, 2013) who states that a latrine is a place for urination and defecation. Human and water waste from the household called sewage should be disposed of immediately in the latrine. Some rural areas which have good water supply can use a septic tank and get rid of sewage. In urban areas, sewage is led away by drains and large pipes known as sewers and disposed of by other means, Faeces transmit several infections therefore it is a hazardous material whose disposal must be managed correctly to maintain public health, the latrines are common in most of the under developed places of the world because of their low cost of construction.

The study also shows that some of the respondents estimated at 25% of the respondents use toilet, this low number of respondents using toilets also indicates that toilets are expensive to construct and therefore few of the households in Banda are able to own them.

However some of the respondents assert that they also dispose off the child’s waste in open, this is also in line with (McClintock et al, 2010), who states that human faeces are disposed off in fields, bushes, open water bodies, forests, beaches or other open spaces.

Whereas (MoH, 2013) further states that Human Excreta management deals with on-site sanitation systems. Human excreta may be treated in separate treatment works or co-treated with sludges produced in wastewater treatment plants.

5.1.3 Knowledge of huma waste disposal

Since the P. Value (0.029)<0.05, then relationship between knowledge and human waste disposal is significant therefore, The knowledge of the houses holds determines their human waste disposal method.

According to the findings, The study indicates that some of the care takers use the latrines to dispose of the child’s waste, this showed that some of the respondents had knowledge on the practices of human waste disposal, this is also in line with (Marbell, 2011) who states that the knowledge of the individual determines were they will dispose of their waste he further clarifies that people who have mental problem will normally dispose of their wastes in open.

5.2 Conclusions

There was significant relationship between social demographic factors like religion, gender, tribe of the child against the human waste disposal factorsthis shows that these social demographic factors have an influence on Human waste disposal methods.

However the knowledge of the care takers has an influence on the type of Human waste disposal method used in Banda parish this is because most of the caretakers are not conversant with some human waste disposal method therefore they chose a method they were familiar with.

5.3 Recommendations of the study

The results in the study recommends that the government should sensitize the people on the benefits of using latrines and toilets so that they can stop open defecation which has negative repercussions to their Health and well being.

The study also recommends that tribal leaders should explain to their members the benefits of using latrines for human waste disposal; this was because some tribes’donot accept the use of Human waste disposal methods like toilet and latrines.

The study also recommends that the government should sensitize the public on the benefits of using latrines to close the knowledge gap amongst these community members.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

TOPIC: FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN WASTE DISPOSAL OF CHILDREN AGED 0-59 MONTHS IN BANDA PARISH, NAKAWA DIVISION, KAMPALA DISTRICT.

Dear respondent

IKAFUKO MIREMBE JOY a student of Kyambogo University, carrying out a study on the above stated topic. You are one of the respondents randomly selected to participate in the study. The information given shall be treated with at most confidentiality and shall only be used strictly for academic purpose.

SECTION A:             SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC

1. How many people live in this house hold?

• 1-2 people

• 3 people

1. 4 people

• 5 people

• 6 and above

2. How many children live in this house hold who are under 0-59 months.

1. 1-2 children

• 3 children

1. 4 children

• 5 children

• 6 and above

3)  Sex of the child/children.

1. Male              b) Female

4) What is the age of the child?

1. a) 0-12 months
2. b) 13-24 months
3. c) 25-36 months
4. d) 37-48 months
5. e) 49-59 months

• What is the religion of the child?

1. Moslems
2. Catholics
3. Protestants
4. Born again
5. Others

• What is your occupation?

1. Government
2. Private
3. Unemployed
4. Others

• How old are you?

1. Below 18 years
2. 19-25 years
3. 26-35 years
4. 36-45 years
5. 46 years and above

• What is your tribe?

1. Muganda
2. Musoga
3. Munyakole
4. Mukiga
5. Others specify …………………

• Sex of the respondent?

1. Male              b) Female

• Religion of the respondents?

1. Catholics
2. Protestants
3. Born again
4. Moslems
5. Others ;…………………………………………..

SECTION B: Human waste disposal methods mainly in Banda parish

• where does your child dispose off their urine and solid faeces?

1. Latrine b )  Toilet                   c)  Potty
2. d) Open defecation

• Does your children use potty?, if no skip question 6

1. Yes b)NO
2. Don’t know

• If yes does the child share potty with anyone else?

1. Yes b) NO

4)   Where do you dispose of the child’s waste after using the potty?

1. a) Latrine b) Toilet                     c)    Open

SECTION C: KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN WASTE DISPOSAL IN BANDA PARISH

1. What is the importance of proper human waste disposal for children?
2. Hygiene
3. Prevent infection
4. Avoid pollution of the environment
5. Other specify

3. What are the consequences of poor human waste disposal for children?
4. a) Diseases
5. b) water contamination
6. c) Air pollution/ environment pollution
7. d) others specify
8. How do you keep your latrines clean?
9. a) Washing
10. b) Scrubbing
11. c) Sweeping
12. How do you keep your toilets clean
13. a) Washing
14. b) Scrubbing
15. c) Sweeping

6. Is a toilet or latrine essential in your home?
7. a) Yes
8. b) No
9. Is it important to wash your hands after visiting the toilet and latrine?
10. a) Yes b) No

APPENDIX II: INTRODUCTORY LETTER

APPENDIX III: ACCEPTANCE LETTER

APPENDIX IV: CONSENT FORM FOR SURVEY RESPONDENTS

APPENDIX V: TIME PLAN

APPENDIX VI: BUDGET ESTIMATES