1. It is generally believed that there is “Scarcity” of Public Administration in developing countries. What is the reasoning behind this statement? How can the governments of developing countries tackle the problem of lack of Public Administration? (20 marks)

Some of the various definitions of public administration offered by other scholars include, the management of public programs, and translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day,  and the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies (Kuhlmann, & Wollmann, 2019).

In 1947 Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action. In a democracy, it has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity, the worth, and the potentials of the citizen.

Comparing countries in terms of their levels of per capita income is the most common method used for assessing relative levels of development. This has the advantage of being straightforward and unlike some of other measures the necessary numbers are usually available. According to IMF, (2009) Developing countries consists of countries in the high group (HDI percentiles 51-75), medium group (HDI percentiles 26-50), and the low group with bottom quartile HDI and some of the examples of developing countries include;   Guinea, Guinea-Bisau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, and India.

The following are some of the reasoning behind the fact that there is scarcity of public administration in developing countries

As developing countries emerged from their colonial status after the Second World War onwards, the transition from dependent territories to independent nations was greatly facilitated by the existence of colonial civil service institutions. The post-colonial administrative machineries had to grapple with a new ethos, reflecting new aspirations demanded by their citizens. The inherited public administration system emerged as the natural choice through which the struggle toward development and national building could be achieved (Vyas-Doorgapersad, 2011).

A cursory examination of literature on developing countries’ managerial capacity or incapacity leads one to speculate that most developing countries seem to lack a well-coordinated central policy making machinery of government which has the capacity to set major objectives of government and ensure their consistency. In other words, most developing countries lack an administrative body capable of responding to the needs of accelerated development and this therefore questions the capacity of the public administration system in developing countries (Vyas-Doorgapersad, 2012).

As one of the most important requirement of public administration is to serve the interest of the people however Most developing countries have experienced the crisis of political turmoil, intolerance and harsh dictatorship; others have a military regime with highly centralized government processes, To name a few, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Libya, Ethiopia and Uganda , in these developing countries the security is always fighting against the citizens , in Uganda this was observed during the January 14th elections were more than 54 people were killed (Tuesday November 24, 2020), while Libya the country is still facing chaos.

Tragically, the feeling of failure of developing countries management institutions is pervasive in the “poverty belt” of sub- Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America which today account for a large percentage of the world’s population. According to (Bolarinwa,, et al., 2021), Africa has a population of a billion people but its contribution to global trade is low less than 10%.and almost all African economies are an outpost of underdevelopment with most of them experiencing structural repression and structural regression. Africa in particular, has been hard hit by a series of devastating shocks, 35%, or 241 million, of males in Africa, live below the poverty line which is down 1% from 2020. 36%, or 249 million, of females in Africa live below the poverty line. Rwanda has one of the most skewed distributions with 50% of females and 40% of males living in poverty.

The weaknesses of public institutions have, in turn, led to subdued legislatures and judiciaries which are essential to enable the check and ensure Justice in the copuntry ,this is to a large extend caused political Injustice in most of the developing countries for example Uganda, Sudan, Zimbabwe as dissent is extremely criminalized. According to   (Curtice & Behlendorf, 2021) have called this phenomenon the paradox of development administration. Their thesis is that an effective administration is essential to accomplish development, and yet it is also that very effectiveness that can stifle and retard the political and social development of alternative centers of power.

Most observers of developing countries generally agree that the failure of public administration can be observed in many forms in the developing countries, majority of the staff in developing countries are technically incompetent to do their jobs as a result this has also affected these countries ability to achieve their goals and interest.

Corruption in developing countries is one of the many ways the the failure of public administration is absent and this is a result of failure by the institutions which are supposed to monitor the corruption of the country and as a result most developing countries loose aalot of resources due to corruption for example According to the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, Kenya is losing an estimated Kshs 608.0 bn (7.8% of Kenya’s GDP) to corruption annually. Reduced corruption is therefore crucial for the country’s development (Onyango, 2020).

Failure of the justice systems in most of the developing countries is a sign of absence of the public administration. Most of the criminals in many African countries because of their connections with the state they are not tried in courts of law. There is also many incidences were the political opponents are taken as criminals and arrested , there supporters sometimes tried in military courts despite being innocent, for example in the just concluded elections of January 2021, more than 40 supporters of the national unity platform were tried in military courts , something which is unconstitutional and in addition to this other developing countries like Zimbabwe during the reign of Robert Mugabe people were arrested innocently especially political opponents.

Total collapse of the Health system most of the developing countries the administration of the countries have demonstrated a total failure and as a result the health system has total collapsed and this is observed by the fact that most of the few elite in developing countries spend a lot of  resources on seeking medical treatment for example, The Ministry of Health (MoH) estimates that Kenyans spend $15 million on medical expenses abroad. In any given year, hundreds of Kenyans troop to hospitals abroad in search of treatment (Kabia, et al., 2019).

How can the governments of developing countries tackle the problem of lack of Public Administration?

Developing an effective way of remunerating the public servants so as to eliminate incompetence and enhance productivity; Remuneration in most public positions in developing countries is  relatively low and the distribution of allowances and non-monetary benefits is inequitable in the sense that, while most people are poorly paid, a few people are in well-paying public jobs with various amenities including motor vehicles, housing, and medical facili­ties, among others. Another challenge relates to staff retention, as people leave Public Service jobs for better pay in the private sector or in international engagements, for example according to the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index places Uganda amongst the most corrupt countries in the world, and the Public Service is perceived as the third most corrupt institution in the country.

Adopting of democratic practices. When the governments of developing countries adopt the democratic practices they will ensure that they achieve the national consensus and the will of the people will be respected this will enable these countries to sustainable peace and prosperity and also enhance the rule of law.

The way to have public administration efficiency in developing countries like Uganda, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt among others is by promotion of good governance, through good governance the institutions will have the will to perform their mandatory functions and this will enable the country to have systems that are able to perform their functions.

Developing proper mechanism for accountability in public institutions, Accountability is a key requirement for public administration effectiveness governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. When there is accountability in the country the people in the responsible offices will not behave with impunity and this ensure better economic prosperity (Mokaya, 2020).

Adoption of democratic practices in to governance, Democracy is associated with higher human capital accumulation, lower inflation, lower political instability, and higher economic freedom. Democracy is closely tied with economic sources of growth, like education levels and lifespan through improvement of educative institutions as well as healthcare. According to the 2016 Democracy Index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit, Mauritius is regarded as the most democratic country in Africa. Mauritius is ranked number 18 in the world, with Norway leading the rankings. On the other hand, the weakest democratic state in Africa is Chad, and the country is ranked number 165 in the world just two places ahead of the lowest-placed country, North Korea are extremely poor. The word “democracy” can be loosely translated to mean “a government of the people, by the people and for the people”. This literally means that democracy involves the equal participation of citizens in decision-making processes. For example, if a country wants to introduce a new law, the citizens should first be consulted before such a law is introduced. Furthermore, citizens should also actively participate in the implementation of the law.

Enhancing transparency across the government departments, this will help in stamping out corruption across the government departments. When corruption is high there is always poor service delivery and this therefore affects the quality of life of the citizens of the country. In developed countries like South Korea there is almost no corruption in this country and this has enhance quality of life of the citizens. Today South Korea citizens enjoy one the best quality of life in the world unlike high corrupt countries like Uganda  were the citizens have one of the poorest quality of life in the world.

Building a strong education systems that respondents to the needs of the society, this will enable developing countries to a workforce that is capable and can produce the desired results. Education is a tool that avails people with knowledge, skill, technique and information which empowers them to know their rights and duties toward the family, society, and the nation. Education has helped in no small measure to improve the quality of life in any society. This could be seen in features exhibited through education which include removing poverty, safety and security against crime, prevention of wars and terrorism as well as commerce and trade. Others are maintenance of law and order, women empowerment, communications, and upliftment of economically weaker sections of the societies. One of the most important benefits of education in a society is that it improves the standard of living and assist individuals to contribute to the development of the nation/society (Fangwi, 2021).

2. Draw up a list of public problems in your district and prioritize them. Give reasons for listing the problems as public problems and develop options for addressing the most pressing problem. (20 Marks)

LIST OF PROBLEMS IN MUKONO DISTRICT

The proximate causes of poverty include one or more of the following: low income; low assets (whether physical or human capital); lack of opportunities (whether from adverse location or other reasons); and social exclusion (often but not always associated with ethnic minorities). The worst forms of poverty are those that combine all four of these aspects: income poverty, asset poverty, opportunities poverty, and access poverty.

Poverty among women is a huge expense to the government, since the government has to allocate funds to cater for the jobless people to meet the basic needs of life like accommodation, feeding, education and health care. This burden therefore stifles the government’s ability to spend on critical sectors of the economy.

Unemployment is an issue in all regions of the world. In this regard the ratio of women tomen is much higher, which suggests that women are more affected than men (Bjorklund et al.,2015). According to the International Labour Office (2014) women constitute a larger proportion of the working poor in the world. These are people who work but do not earn enough to improve their living standards or to meet their families’ needs. In most African countries, the supply of workers far exceeds demand, the result being extremely high rates of unemployment (Todaro & Smith, 2012).

Unemployment also limits the country’s tax base since the unemployed people rarely pay tax this therefore affects the national treasury and also increases the burden to the few tax payers in the country. In a developed country like South Korea The tax is enough to finance the government project due to the productivity of the population while poor countries like Uganda have very little tax and most of the government expenditure is finance through borrowing and donations.

Poverty affects the country in many ways as it completely affects the country’s ability to deliver services to the people therefore it is imperative for the government to fight poverty and all the factors that cause poverty. Poverty entails more than the lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods. Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making.

Furthermore, Diraditsile (2017) posits that unemployment among the women has become the main issue of concern to policy makers in African governments. According to Diraditsile & Rankopo (Forthcoming) many young women in Mukono are unemployed and thus there is need for the creation of job opportunities for this group in particular and enable them fight against poverty.

The youth stratum constitute a larger proportion of the labour force, if positively mobilised, the youth can be an important instrument of economic growth and development in any economy because of their total number, drive, passion, and innovative ability (Msigwa & Kipesha, 2011).

Globally, youth unemployment has increased by 3.4 million from 2007 to 2012 (International Labour Office, 2012). Unemployment is also high in the Africa region with Swaziland having 26.3% and 26.8% respectively in the years 2007 and 2010 (Brixiova & Kangoye, 2012). The problem of unemployment in the country is highest among the youth; women and the less educated who are most vulnerable to this phenomenon. As postulated by (Nthomang & Diraditsile, 2016) youth unemployment in Botswana is of great concern because many people reside in villages and rural areas and some migrate to urban centres in search of greener pastures. This puts a strain on employment opportunities in urban areas. It is estimated that women unemployment is high at 45.9% among females and 36.0 among males (BIDPA, 2010).

The greater depth of and vulnerability to poverty has resulted in human development indicators more unfavorable than even in regions with a higher poverty incidence (World Bank, 2009a.), and in greater deprivation. This is shown among other things by the systematic Afrobarometer surveys of “lived poverty”, quantifying how frequently people go without the basic necessities of food, clean water, medicines or medical treatment, cooking fuel, and minimum cash income. (Like the Latinobarometro for Latin America, the Afrobarometer is an independent, nonpartisan survey of African public opinion on social, political, and economic issues, conducted in a dozen countries and repeated on a regular cycle. (Mattes, 2008 and 2009.) rural women in Sub-Saharan African countries are more likely to be affected by structural poverty, and are disproportionately affected by all aspects of poverty making them literally the poorest of the poorest.

SOLUTIONS FOR THE PROBLEMS

3. a) Public administration is the most relevant and important aspect of the policy making and implementation process. Assess the validity of this assertion. (10 marks)

Public administration is centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct,  Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors, human resources (H.R.) administrators, city managers, census managers, state mental health directors, and cabinet secretaries.  Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government to ensure that they delivery the services to the people in a specific country.

According to (Thei, 2010), The foundation of public policy is composed of national constitutional laws and regulations. Further substrates include both judicial interpretations and regulations which are generally authorized by legislation. Public policy is considered strong when it solves problems efficiently and effectively, serves justice, supports governmental institutions and policies, and encourages active citizenship.

Public administration is concerned with the policy formulation and administration of policies that is good for the country, the main aim of public administration is to improve the general welfare of the people in the country for example a country which is considered to have an efficient public administration is china. China’s rapid reduction in poverty went hand in hand with a long period of sustained economic growth. Much of the focus has been on the poorest rural areas. The government has relocated millions of people from remote villages into apartment complexes in the period of 20 years china lifted more than 100 million people out of poverty.

Public administration has the task of delivering an efficient service delivery to the people, some of the key services like education to the people. Countries which have a high developed education system they have better quality of high life for example Singapore education system is one of the best in the world and this has enabled Singapore to be what it is today.

Public administration is responsible for decision making for a state and this gives rise to different policies that must be obeyed by the key stake holders of the state. These policies are concerned with the general welfare and development of the society, the programmes like provision of education and employment opportunities, economic stabilization, law and order enforcement, anti-pollution legislation etc. are the result of substantive policy formulation. These policies have vast areas of operation affecting the general welfare and development of the society as a whole.

Good public administration is an essential prerequisite for governments and institutions to achieve competitiveness and growth and fully functioning national public policy is also a prerequisite for effective democratic system. When a country has a strong public policy and administration it is able to achieve better economic performance and growth, this can be observed in the instances of some economies like in Botswana which has a strong and effective model public policy. In Botswana, the political leadership has been committed to the conception that proficient management of the economy depends on the quality of the public service (Dzimbiri, 2008).

Through public administration the quality of the health of the citizens is guaranteed because public administration as the responsibility of ensuring that the health of the citizens is safe for example in Kenya the public administration is ensuring Kenya’s health financing system provides coverage to the population through a mix of contributory health insurance, supply-side subsidies financed through general taxation, and OOPs by healthcare consumers. In 2015/16, government health expenditure accounted for 6.7% of the total government expenditure and total health expenditure (THE) per capita was US$ 78.6 . Current health expenditure as a percentage of the gross domestic product was 5.2% in 2015 while in other African countries it ranged from 2.5% in South Sudan to 18.3% in Sierra Leonne. This shows that through public administration the government of Kenya is ensuring that the health of the people of Kenya is put a head of everything.

Through public administration democracy is achieved in the policy formulation. It has been widely acknowledged that the more a democratic a country is the better it is economically. Therefore a very democratic country like Mauritius has better economic prospects than poorly democratic country like chad.

Public administration is designed to ensure that there is efficiency in services delivery, these include education and health and many other services that the government has the responsibility of delivering to the people in a given country, according to Bola, ( 2011) Service delivery is a contemporary issue for most governments and researchers alike. Most scholars are in agreement that public service delivery is critical to ensuring the national welfare and stimulation of economic development. This is because often governments undertake a number of activities to provide citizens with services and at the same time guarantee that these services are provided in accordance with the service delivery requirements within the rule of law

The responsibilities of the government are to ensure that there is efficiency in service delivery in the government project; Stakeholders vary in their impact, significance, interest and relevance in relation to public administration and service delivery objectives (Bolt, 2011). To manage complex contracts with multiple stakeholders it is useful to establish committees with membership that is representative of stakeholders. Using committees can provide a structured approach for communicating with relevant parties. Ghebreyesus etal (2008) contends that incorporating stakeholders in the day to day operations of managing their own services delivery through effective contract management would go a long way to enable them receive goods and services that meet their requirements and maintain a sufficient customer satisfaction on a sustainable level.

Though public administration is relevant they are also faced with the following challenges

Dictator ships in most government has failed public administration in delivering the services that people need most. Most of the dictators destroy the economy by passing order which favors their individual interest and not the country at large this therefore affects the economic development of the country and the main purpose for the public administration.

Corruption has turned most public administration in Africa as a failed experiment Corruption escalate into unemployment, reduction in tax revenue, decline in business operation and ultimately, collapse of the economy, for example during Zuma’s presidency is estimated that south Africa the economy faced a cost of  R1 trillion (approximately US$83 billion) and overall south Africa lost R1. 5 trillion through corruption in just years between 2014 and 2019, while in another report  compiled by the South African Council of Churches and South African academics stated that R40 billion (equivalent to US$3 billion) was illegally smuggled out of South Africa to Dubai by the Gupta family and their associated companies between 2011/12 and 2017 (Pring, & Vrushi, 2019).

Globalization has affected public administration in most of the countries in Africa including Uganda, the movement toward greater interaction, integration, and interdependence among people and organizations across national borders  is increasing transactions among countries in trade and investment and in the international flows of capital, people, technology, and information. It is evident in the growing levels of international political interaction and widespread social and cultural interchange that have occurred over the past quarter of a century.

But rapid globalization over the past two decades assured that governments could no longer carry on as usual, at least in terms of the functions and roles many of them played in the 1960s and 1970s. As the OECD has pointed out, by the 1980s governments were widely “criticized for their lack of capacity to respond quickly and effectively to strategic issues and for failing to leverage off opportunities in emerging markets offered by, among others, new technologies. Conflicts inherent in combining multiple roles (for instance, policymaker, regulator, monitor, competing service provider, funder), often with conflicting objectives, became obvious.

1. b) Examine the process through which problems become public problems and show how they are addressed by government. (10 marks)

The steps below are the process through which the public problems are addressed by the government

8-Step Problem Solving Process

Step 1: Define the Problem

• What is the problem?
• When did the problem start and how long has this problem been going on?
• Is there enough data available to contain the problem and prevent it from getting passed to the next process step? If yes, contain the problem.

Step 2: Clarify the Problem

• What data is available or needed to help clarify, or fully understand the problem?
• Is it a top priority to resolve the problem at this point in time?
• Are additional resources required to clarify the problem?
•  Consider a Lean Event (Do-it, Burst, RPI, Project).
• ∙Ensure the problem is contained and does not get passed to the next process step.

Step 3: Define the Goals

• What is your end goal or desired future state?
• What will you accomplish if you fix this problem?
• What is the desired timeline for solving this problem?

Step 4: Identify Root Cause of the Problem

• Identify possible causes of the problem.
• Prioritize possible root causes of the problem.
• What information or data is there to validate the root cause?

Step 5: Develop Action Plan

• Generate a list of actions required to address the root cause and prevent problem from getting to others.
• Assign an owner and timeline to each action.
• Status actions to ensure completion.

Step 6: Execute Action Plan

• Implement action plan to address the root cause.
• Verify actions are completed.

Step 7: Evaluate the Results

• Monitor and Collect Data.
• Did you meet your goals defined in step 3? If not, repeate th 8-Step Process.
• Were there any unforeseen consequences?
• If problem is resolved, remove activities that were added previously to contain the problem.

Step 8: Continuously Improve

• Look for additional opportunities to implement solution.
• Ensure problem will not come back and communicate lessons learned.
• If needed, repeat the 8-Step Problem Solving Process to drive further improvements.

4 a) With specific examples, analyze the importance of social culture and the political environment in the policy making process. (10 marks)

Social culture enables the policy makers to desighn policies that are in line with the interest of the people. Policy ideas developed and implemented in one jurisdiction are often transferred to or transformed to meet the needs and objectives of other jurisdictions (McCann and Ward, 2012). However, such transfers are by no means always desired or implementable, due to a range of socio-political, economic, geographical and cultural differences that exist between jurisdictions.

Policy ideas developed and implemented in one jurisdiction are often transferred to or transformed to meet the needs and objectives of other jurisdictions (McCann and Ward, 2012). However, such transfers are by no means always desired or implementable, due to a range of socio-political, economic, geographical and cultural differences that exist between jurisdictions. A better understanding of national culture and differences between national cultures could thus inform international policy transfer practices and joint policy learning exercises (e.g. looking at required adaptations to suit the receiving culture).

The political system determines the allocation of resources basing on the future needs therefore before a public policy is made the political system is taken into consideration their helps in understanding the challenges the country is facing and designing appropriate political system that suites its ability to survive.

Culture is a strong part of people’s lives. It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears. It is therefore important to consider the culture of the people when designing a public policy so that policy is in line with their beliefs their culture and customs.

Through culture and political environment it is possible to determinant the needs of the people and therefore the country will be able to formulate the policies that best service the interest of the people for example the culture of the people in china is very different from that in Uganda, therefore the same public policies which work in work in Uganda will not be able to work in china.

1. b) Of the many different forms of decentralization, which form do you think is more appropriate for your country? Support your answers with relevant examples. (10 Marks)

Decentralization, refers to the restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at the central, regional and local levels according to the principle of subsidiarity, thus increasing the overall quality and effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the authority and capacities of sub-national levels.

The following are some of the forms of decentralization

Delegation

Delegation involves the assigning of certain responsibilities along with the necessary authority by a superior to his subordinate.

Deconcentration

Deconcentration is a term used to describe the process whereby a central organization transfers some of its responsibilities to lower-level units within its jurisdiction. This process redistributes the balance of power and authority between the central administration and the other units in varying proportions

Devolution

The term devolution is derived from the Latin verb devolvere, meaning to roll down. In English, it has been used since the 16th century in civil law to refer to the descent of property through inheritance or legal succession. However, as early as the 1400s, devolution took on another sense: the passing of power or authority from one person or body to another. In an extension of this sense, the term today is used in political and administrative language to refer to the transfer of a power or jurisdiction, as well as, in some cases, the authority to control the resources associated with transferred responsibilities. In the sphere of public affairs, the concept of devolution is associated with a subsidiarity-based approach that gives lower-level units a larger role.

In uganda’s scenario delegation is the best form of decentralization

The following are some of the princinples of delegation

While delegating authority, the following points should be borne in mind:

1. Before delegating authority, it should be ensured that the subordinates know the objectives of the enterprise and their duties.
2. It is necessary that the subordinates must be given requisite authority to enable them to carry out the duties that are assigned to them. In other words, authority should be coextensive with responsibility of the subordinates.
3. The superior can only delegate duties to his subordinates but not responsibility. It means, he cannot escape the responsibility for the duties delegated.
4. Before delegating authority, it is essential that subordinates should be made to understand the limits of their authority and the area of their operation.
5. The subordinate should receive orders from one boss and should not he held accountable to more than one superior. This is necessary to make delegation more effective.

The following are some of the benefits of delegation

Enhance better performance; Today’s leaders and managers are driven to succeed, and for this reason, they often take on more projects than they can handle alone. The fear of failure drives them to avoid delegation for fear that someone else will not get the job done correctly. When managers are juggling priorities at the same time, they are more likely to make mistakes. Delegating tasks to the right individuals is important in this case since it allows managers and leaders to focus on planning and organizing.

It builds trust, open communication, and engagement among team members; Another benefit of delegation has to do with building trust, a feeling of openness, and engagement among team members. Leaders who fail to delegate adequately often have employees who are afraid to take initiative or who feel apprehensive about bringing new ideas to the table. Managers who delegate tasks adequately help to build trust, and that trust is driven even further when those managers remain open for communication and listening. When employees truly feel that their skills and talents are being put to good use, they are engaged and happier overall.

It stimulates creativity and develops skills in your team; Leaders who give their team members the freedom to tackle delegated tasks in their own way are actually empowering their team and giving them a creative license. These employees become driven to succeed, not only for themselves and their own futures, but also for the future of their employer. What’s more, this personal initiative can lead to creativity breakthroughs, which can benefit everyone involved, and it helps team members build some very specific skills along the way.

It creates a positive business culture; Perhaps the best reason to delegate tasks to others has to do with the type of business culture a leader hopes to create. Delegation helps to boost team moral, improve efficiency and productivity, and promotes enthusiasm, innovation, and cooperation – all of which are vital to a company’s bottom line. It can also help reduce turnover rates, minimize safety risks, and supply the company with a group of highly-qualified employees who are experts at getting the job done right.

5 a) Good Policy implementation calls for prudent budgeting. How does budgeting facilitate successful policy implementation? (10 marks)

Budgeting enables planning in public policy; because planning facilitates co-ordination; Planning revolves around organizational goals, All activities are directed towards common goals, There is an integrated effort throughout the enterprise in various departments and groups, It avoids duplication of efforts. In other words, it leads to better co-ordination and planning also helps in finding out problems of work performance and aims at rectifying the same.

Successful budgeting enables the government in allocation of resources, in most countries the resource allocation is done in line to the wishes of the people. And therefore through budgeting the resources can be allocated in line to the wishes of the people.

Identifying key priority sectors like education, health and infrastructure.

1. b) Using examples from a country of your choice, analyze the failure of policies that have been imposed on Sub-Saharan African countries by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and “Partners” from the Western World. (10 Marks)

some of the policies imposed on Uganda by the world bank and IMF has been the idea of privatization as pre-requisite for the loan from these two institutions.

Privatization in Uganda;

The following are the challenges that privatization has led to uganda.

Despite privatization in Uganda electricity coverage is still very poor since Access to electricity (% of population) in Uganda was reported at 41.3 % in 2019, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources, this therefore shows that privatization has stifled electricity coverage.

Privatization has also led to corruption in Uganda since the senior government officials to some extend received the kickbacks from the company buyers. Most of the former government parastatls were sold off to the political class and this has completely left the majority of citizens in the country with poverty (Bassett, 2020).

Privatization has also led to more poverty in Uganda as most of the private companies in Uganda are owned by foreigners and to large extend they have not developed the local communities who own the land that has the natural resources like Tororo cement in Tororo they have exploited the resources at the expense of the community members. The communities’ members are spectators of their natural resources and this has led to more poverty in the area.

Privatization has also increased led to profit repatriation in Uganda that has further led to more poverty since the owners of capital are mostly foreigners. A report on Uganda’s banking sector has established that more than Shs528b, which accounts for 72 per cent of the total profits after tax made by banks in Uganda, was at risk of capital flight in 2019, daily monitor (Monday August, 24 2020).

Despite Uganda privatizing most of its assets, Uganda is still one of the poorest countries in the world and according to World Bank despite privatization Uganda is still one of the poorest countries in the world. The world Estimates that GDP per capita in Uganda is expected to reach 860.00 USD by the end of 2020, according to Trading Economics global macro models and analysts’ expectations. In the long-term, the Uganda GDP per capita is projected to trend around 935.00 USD in 2021 and 970.00 USD in 2022, this therefore indicates that Uganda is one of the poorest countries in the world despite having adopted privatization.

One of the biggest challenges of privatization is that it has led to high cost of goods like electricity. In Uganda before privatization of electricity the cost of electricity was affordable to Ugandans unlike now that electricity in Uganda is very expensive something has destroyed many business for example uganda has one of the most expensive power in the world.

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