CONSTRAINTS THAT HINDER SMES FROM ADOPTING TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Companies and governments across the world are investing heavily into the technology systems to enable better financial performance, increased customer satisfaction and growth of organizations (Rehman et al.,2022). This chapter presents the background of the study, the problem statement, purpose, objectives of the study, research questions, study scope, justification of the study, significance, hypotheses, conceptual framework, as well as operational definition of key terms and concepts.

1.1 Background of the study

The section presents, historical background, theoretical, contextual background, conceptual background.

1.1.1 Historical background

The evolution of technology systems has a long history however, can be specifically traced from the invention of Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator which was invented to process the 1890 U.S. census (Faisol et al., 2021) This brought the first step in automation and development of the technology era paving for the adoption of technology by small scale business globally (AlZayani et al., 2024). To comprehend the impact of technology on SMEs in South Sudan, it is essential to understand the historical context of the country’s technological development. South Sudan gained independence in 2011, making it the youngest nation globally. However, due to years of civil war and political instability, the country faced numerous challenges in terms of economic development and technological infrastructure (Radicic, & Petković, 2023).

The civil war and subsequent political instability greatly hindered technological advancements in South Sudan. Infrastructure, including electricity, telecommunications, and internet connectivity, remained underdeveloped and inadequate. This lack of technological infrastructure posed significant obstacles for SMEs in adopting and utilizing technology to enhance their performance, additionally, the limited access to education and training opportunities further impeded technological progress in the country, despite the challenges, the adoption of technology has shown promising impacts on the performance of SMEs in South Sudan (Alraja et al., 2022).

SMEs that embraced technology experienced higher revenue growth compared to those that did not. The study attributed this growth to increased market reach, improved customer engagement, and enhanced operational efficiency resulting from technology adoption (Kuyang, 2018). SMEs that incorporated technology into their operations experienced increased efficiency and reduced production costs. This improvement in productivity allowed SMEs to produce more output with the same or fewer resources, leading to higher profitability and competitiveness (Deng, 2017). Technology-enabled SMEs are better positioned to compete in both local and international markets. By leveraging technology, SMEs could enhance their product quality, expand their product offerings, and improve their operational (AlZayani et al., 2024).

Our study investigates the effect of technology orientation (TO) on firm performance and the mediating role of dynamic capabilities on the relationship between these two constructs; its aim is to bring clarity to the notion of technology orientation and dynamic capabilities and their potential and realized relationships in the performance of SMEs in Science and Technology Parks of Iran. Salavou (2005) noted the need to examine factors influencing the relationship between technology orientation and performance. Our article contributes to the literature by exploring the mediating effect of the engagement of different dynamic capabilities in this relationship. Assuming the centrality of knowledge to technology orientation and dynamic capabilities, this study enquires into the influence of different types of dynamic capabilities in connection to technology orientation and firm performance. Our article builds mainly on the dynamic capability view of the firm using the approach of Teece et al. (1997).

SME grows, the needs of SMEs are also important, but their capability is important in terms of how to use the resources efficiently and effectively. In order to overcome the complex and rapidly changing environment, the importance of technology development capability, which is an intangible asset, has been raised. Among the various competencies of companies, the technology development capability to acquire, select, and utilize technology that is a source of corporate competitiveness is the core competence of having a competitive advantage and differentiation. Because technology development capability is complex and implicit, it can prevent imitation from competitors and promote growth of the company. Research on technology development capability and performance is research that is interested in each government or research institute because it affects the important influence on the company continuously investing in technology development. Many studies have attempted to prove what kinds of results are produced by companies according to their technology development capability, and whether they actually show the results in business management. Research on the measurement of technology development performance, that is, on the factors that constitute the capability of technology

Development has been continuously studied from the point of view of how such factors influence the performance of the company in detail and business performance.

However, in most studies, the performance of technology development is focused on the success of technology development in one dimension. However, it is necessary to examine the success of technology commercialization step by step because it includes the process from commercialization to commercialization so that it can be sold to the market through production of the prototype after the success of technology development.

In this study, we present the results of technology development and technical commercialization as a result of technology development capability to analyze the importance of the technology development capability of SMEs. Whether technology development capability actually affects technological development performance and technical commercialization performance and how much and whether they have influence will also be investigated.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in driving economic growth, creating employment, and fostering innovation worldwide. In developing economies, including Uganda, SMEs contribute significantly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and serve as the backbone of local economies. However, the performance and sustainability of SMEs are often constrained by various challenges, such as limited access to financial resources, poor infrastructure, inadequate market access, and intense competition from larger businesses. Among these challenges, the effective use of technology has emerged as a key determinant of SME performance in modern economies. The adoption of technology in SMEs has the potential to revolutionize how these businesses operate. Technology enhances efficiency by streamlining operations, improving supply chain management, enabling better customer relationship management, and supporting data-driven decision-making. Innovations such as e-commerce platforms, cloud computing, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, and digital marketing tools have provided SMEs with opportunities to compete more effectively in both local and global markets. Despite these benefits, many SMEs in developing countries lag in adopting and utilizing modern technologies due to barriers such as high costs, lack of technical skills, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness.

In Uganda, where SMEs account for over 90% of private sector enterprises, the integration of technology remains a critical factor in addressing issues of low productivity, limited scalability, and poor market penetration. While some SMEs have adopted mobile money solutions, digital marketing, and basic automation, the full potential of technology to transform SME operations has not been realized. Challenges such as poor internet connectivity, inadequate training programs for SME owners, and a lack of supportive policies hinder the widespread adoption of advanced technologies.

1.1.2 Theoretical Background

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a widely recognized and extensively studied theoretical framework that focuses on how users perceive and accept technology. Developed by Davis in 1989, TAM emphasizes two key factors: perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU). PEOU refers to the degree to which individuals believe that using a particular technology will be free from effort, while PU refers to the extent to which individuals believe that using the technology will enhance their performance and productivity.

TAM has been widely applied in various contexts and has been found to be a valuable tool for understanding technology adoption and usage. In the context of SMEs, TAM can provide valuable insights into how user perceptions affect the adoption and utilization of technology. This is particularly relevant in a country like South Sudan, where factors such as limited infrastructure, lack of training, and user perceptions may significantly influence technology adoption.

Infrastructure limitations, including inadequate internet connectivity and unreliable power supply, have been identified as significant barriers to technology adoption in South Sudan. A study by Mawien and Deng (2019) found that SMEs in South Sudan face challenges in accessing and utilizing technology due to these infrastructure limitations. In such a context, understanding user perceptions through TAM can help identify strategies to overcome these barriers and improve technology adoption.

Training is another critical factor that influences technology adoption in SMEs. Lack of technical skills and knowledge among employees can hinder the effective utilization of technology. A study by Achol and Deng (2018) highlighted the importance of training in enhancing technology adoption and performance of SMEs in South Sudan. TAM can help identify the specific training needs of SMEs and guide the development of training programs that focus on improving perceived ease of use.

User perceptions play a crucial role in shaping technology adoption and usage in SMEs. A study by Wani and Lado (2020) found that SMEs in South Sudan often have negative perceptions towards technology due to factors such as lack of awareness, fear of change, and skepticism about the benefits of technology. TAM provides a framework for understanding these perceptions and developing strategies to address them. By emphasizing perceived usefulness, SMEs can be convinced of the potential benefits that technology can bring to their performance and competitiveness.

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks for understanding and predicting technology adoption in various contexts. Developed by Davis in 1989, TAM is rooted in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and focuses on two key constructs that influence the acceptance of technology: Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). TAM posits that these two factors influence an individual’s attitude toward using the technology, which in turn impacts their behavioral intention to use it and actual usage behavior. Over time, TAM has been extended and modified to include variables like trust, compatibility, and user experience to make it applicable in different technological and organizational contexts. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are vital to economic growth, innovation, and employment worldwide. However, they often face challenges in adopting and utilizing technology effectively due to limited resources, technical expertise, and organizational resistance to change. TAM provides a theoretical lens to understand how SMEs perceive and accept technology, which can directly impact their performance. SMEs are likely to adopt technology if they perceive it as beneficial (high PU), cost-effective, and easy to implement (high PEOU). External factors like competitive pressure, customer demands, and government incentives also influence PU and PEOU. The Technology Acceptance Model offers a valuable framework for understanding technology adoption in SMEs. By addressing the constructs of Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use, businesses can identify and mitigate barriers to adoption. When successfully adopted, technology has the potential to transform SME performance by enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, expanding market reach, and fostering innovation. However, for TAM to be fully effective in this context, it should be integrated with broader organizational and environmental considerations that capture the unique challenges and opportunities faced by SMEs.

1.1.3 Conceptual background

SMEs are vital contributors to economic growth and development in many countries, including South Sudan. The South Sudanese government defines SMEs as enterprises employing fewer than 100 employees and having an annual turnover of less than 10 million South Sudanese Pounds (SSP) (Ministry of Trade, Industry and East African Community Affairs, 2010). These enterprises play a crucial role in poverty reduction, employment generation, and fostering innovation.

Technology adoption has been recognized as a key driver of SME performance in both developed and developing countries. Technology can improve operational efficiency, enhance product quality, facilitate market access, and enable innovation. For SMEs in South Sudan, where the business environment is characterized by limited resources and infrastructure challenges, technology can be a game-changer in terms of competitiveness and growth potential.

South Sudan has experienced significant challenges in terms of technological infrastructure and access. Limited internet connectivity, inadequate power supply, and a lack of skilled personnel are some of the barriers to technology adoption faced by SMEs in the country. However, recent efforts by the government and international organizations have aimed to address these challenges and promote technology adoption among SMEs.

Several factors influence the adoption of technology by SMEs in South Sudan. These include financial constraints, lack of awareness and knowledge, perceived benefits and risks, organizational culture, and government support. Understanding these factors is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to develop effective strategies to promote technology adoption among SMEs.

Technology adoption can lead to improved operational efficiency by automating processes, reducing costs, and enhancing productivity. Studies have shown that SMEs that adopt technology experience increased efficiency and cost savings (Mendoza & Vargas, 2018).

Technology can enable SMEs to reach broader markets beyond their immediate geographical boundaries. E-commerce platforms, social media, and digital marketing tools provide opportunities for SMEs in South Sudan to expand their customer base and increase sales (Gebremedhin & Mekonnen, 2020).

Technology adoption can foster innovation and enable SMEs to develop new products and services. By leveraging technology, SMEs in South Sudan can enhance their competitiveness and differentiate themselves in the market (Mendoza & Vargas, 2018).

The impact of technology on financial performance is a topic of significant interest. While some studies suggest a positive relationship between technology adoption and financial performance (Gebremedhin & Mekonnen, 2020), others argue that the relationship is complex and contingent on various factors such as the type of technology adopted and the firm’s internal capabilities (Liu et al., 2019).

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a pivotal role in fostering economic development, creating employment, and improving livelihoods in South Sudan. Despite their significance, SMEs in the country face unique challenges rooted in its post-conflict environment, underdeveloped infrastructure, and policy inconsistencies.

SMEs are critical drivers of economic diversification in South Sudan, where the economy is heavily reliant on oil revenue. They contribute to GDP growth by promoting trade, services, and agricultural production. Additionally, SMEs serve as a foundation for entrepreneurship, fostering innovation and offering employment opportunities, especially in urban and semi-urban areas.

One of the most significant barriers for SMEs in South Sudan is limited access to finance. The banking sector remains underdeveloped, and stringent loan requirements make it difficult for SMEs to secure capital. Microfinance institutions (MFIs), although growing, are insufficient to meet demand. Infrastructural challenges, such as unreliable electricity, poor road networks, and inadequate water supply, significantly impede SME operations. These deficiencies increase operational costs and reduce the competitiveness of local businesses. The recurring political and ethnic conflicts in South Sudan disrupt business operations, discourage investment, and reduce consumer purchasing power. Many SMEs operate under precarious conditions, often leading to closure during periods of unrest. There is a shortage of skilled labor in South Sudan, stemming from years of conflict that have disrupted education and professional training. SMEs often struggle to find qualified personnel to manage and grow their operations effectively, with vast arable land and a predominantly agricultural economy, SMEs in agribusiness have the potential to drive food security and export earnings. SMEs in South Sudan have immense potential to contribute to economic recovery and growth. However, unlocking this potential requires addressing systemic challenges, fostering an enabling environment, and leveraging opportunities in key sectors. By prioritizing SMEs, South Sudan can pave the way for a resilient and inclusive economy.

1.1.4 Contextual Background

South Sudan, the youngest nation globally, gained independence in 2011 after a long and brutal civil war. The country has faced numerous challenges in establishing a stable and sustainable economy. SMEs have emerged as key actors in driving economic growth and development in South Sudan. These enterprises operate in various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and services.

Technology has become an integral part of modern business operations, enabling enterprises to enhance efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. The adoption and effective utilization of technology can significantly impact the performance of SMEs in South Sudan. Several studies have explored this relationship, providing insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by SMEs in adopting and leveraging technology.

In South Sudan, Small Enterprises employ between 5 and 49 and have total assets between UGX 10 million and not exceeding 100 million. The Medium Enterprise therefore, employs between 50 and 100 with total assets more than 100 million but not exceeding 360 million (UIA, 21018). Uganda has an extensive SME sector which accounts for approximately 90% of the entire private sector, over 80% of manufactured output and contributes about 75% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Kuyasa, 2018). Access to finance and lack of financial resources also pose significant barriers to technology adoption among SMEs (Kuyasa, 2018; Ochieng, 2016). Additionally, limited technical skills and knowledge among SME owners and employees hinder the effective utilization of technology (Ochieng, 2016).

Despite the challenges, technology adoption offers numerous opportunities and benefits for SMEs in South Sudan. Improved access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) can enhance market access, enabling SMEs to reach a wider customer base and explore new markets (Ochieng, 2016). Technology can also streamline business processes, reducing operational costs and improving efficiency (Kuyasa, 2018).

Furthermore, technology adoption can enhance the competitiveness of SMEs by enabling them to offer innovative products and services (Sekaran, 2018). Through the use of e-commerce platforms and digital marketing strategies, SMEs can expand their customer reach and increase sales (Sekaran, 2018). Additionally, technology can facilitate better inventory management, supply chain coordination, and customer relationship management, leading to improved overall performance (Kuyasa, 2018).

The literature emphasizes the need for supportive policies and interventions to promote technology adoption among SMEs in South Sudan. Government initiatives to improve infrastructure, such as electricity supply and internet connectivity, are critical for enabling SMEs to leverage technology effectively (Ochieng, 2016). Access to finance should also be enhanced through the provision of affordable loans and grants targeted at technology adoption (Kuyasa, 2018).

Furthermore, capacity-building programs should be developed to enhance the technical skills and knowledge of SME owners and employees, enabling them to utilize technology to its full potential (Sekaran, 2018). Collaboration between government agencies, private sector organizations, and international development partners is crucial to creating an enabling environment for technology adoption among SMEs in South Sudan (Kuyasa, 2018).

1.3 Problem statement

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in driving economic growth, employment creation, and innovation across developing and developed economies. However, despite the increasing importance of technology as a catalyst for competitiveness, productivity, and market expansion, many SMEs continue to lag behind in adopting modern technologies. This slow rate of adoption undermines their ability to remain competitive in rapidly changing business environments. Several constraints hinder SMEs from fully embracing technology. Financial limitations restrict their ability to acquire and maintain advanced systems, while inadequate technical skills and knowledge among staff create barriers to effective utilization of new tools. Environmental and infrastructural challenges, such as poor internet connectivity and unreliable power supply, further reduce their capacity to integrate technology. Additionally, resistance to change, limited awareness of potential benefits, and the absence of supportive policies or institutional frameworks exacerbate the situation. As a result, SMEs face reduced efficiency, limited access to wider markets, and weaker competitiveness compared to larger firms that readily embrace digital transformation. This creates a gap that not only affects the growth of individual enterprises but also undermines broader national development goals that depend on a thriving SME sector. It is therefore crucial to investigate the specific constraints that hinder SMEs from adopting technology in order to design targeted interventions that can enhance their resilience, growth, and contribution to economic development.

1.4 Purpose of the study

The study seeks to establish the impact of constraints that hinder smes from adopting technology.

1.5 Objectives of the study

To examine the impact of financial constraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs in South Sudan
To examine the impact of technical constraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs .

To examine the impact of environmental costraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs in South Sudan.

1.6 Research questions

What are the impact of financial constraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs in South Sudan?
What are the impact of technical constraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs ?

What are the impact of environmental costraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs in South Sudan?

1.7 Study Scope

This section will concentrate on content scope, geographical scope, and time scope.

1.7.1 Content scope

The content of this study will include; impact of financial constraints on Adoption of Technology , the impact of technical constraints on Adoption of Technology and the impact of environmental costraints on Adoption of Technology.

1.7.2 Geographical Scope

The study will be carried out in south sudan

1.7.3 Time scope

The time scope for this study will be between June and November 2025. This timeframe has been chosen to ensure sufficient time for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. In order to provide the most current and relevant information, the literature to be reviewed will focus on sources published within the past eight years. This timeframe allows for an examination of recent developments and trends in technology and its impact on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South Sudan. By considering literature from the past eight years, the study aims to provide up-to-date insights into the subject matter. It is important to note that the information presented in this text is subject to potential inaccuracies.

1.8 Significance of the study

The study of the impact of technology on SME performance in South Sudan holds significant importance for future researchers. By examining this topic, researchers will be able to evaluate the influence of technology on sustainability performance metrics. This evaluation will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of technology in enhancing the overall sustainability of SMEs in the country. Understanding the impact of technology on sustainability performance metrics will enable future researchers to identify areas of improvement and develop strategies to enhance the integration of technology in sustainable business management.

Moreover, the study will also benefit the directors of MTN South Sudan, a prominent telecommunications company operating in the country. By understanding the best practices and strategies for integrating technology into sustainable business management, the directors will be able to enhance their decision-making processes. This knowledge will empower them to make informed decisions regarding the adoption and implementation of technology in their business operations. By aligning their business practices with sustainable technology integration, MTN South Sudan can enhance its performance and contribute to the overall development of the SME sector in the country.

In addition, the study will assist in assessing the current state of technology adoption in sustainable business management in South Sudan. By examining the level of technology adoption and its impact on SME performance, researchers will be able to identify the gaps and challenges faced by businesses in integrating technology for sustainability. This assessment will provide valuable information to policymakers, business leaders, and entrepreneurs, enabling them to develop strategies and policies that promote the effective adoption of technology in sustainable business management. By addressing these challenges, South Sudan can create an enabling environment that fosters the growth and development of SMEs through the integration of technology.

Conceptual frame work

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Constraints Adoption of Technology by SMEs

Source: Developed By The Researcher

In this study, the independent variable is Constraints, while the dependent variable is Adoption of Technology by SMEs. Constraints refer to the various barriers such as financial, technical, environmental, and organizational that limit the ability of SMEs to embrace new technologies. These constraints act as external or internal pressures that influence the decision-making processes of business owners and managers. On the other hand, the dependent variable, Adoption of Technology by SMEs, represents the outcome that is being influenced. It captures the extent to which SMEs are willing and able to integrate technological innovations into their operations, such as using digital platforms, automation tools, or information systems. The relationship suggests that the nature and severity of constraints directly determine the level of technology adoption among SMEs: the higher the constraints, the lower the likelihood of adoption, and vice versa. This framework highlights how overcoming barriers is essential for SMEs to successfully adopt and benefit from modern technologies.

The integration of technology in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has become an essential factor for enhancing their overall performance. In the context of SME growth and development, technology impacts various aspects such as operational efficiency, market reach, customer engagement, and competitiveness. Technology plays a pivotal role in streamlining business operations. With the adoption of digital tools such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, SMEs can automate their processes, including inventory management, finance, and human resource functions. This reduces human error, improves decision-making, and enhances resource allocation. Automation through technology also helps in time management and reduces operational costs, which is crucial for SMEs that often operate with limited resources. One of the most significant advantages of technology for SMEs is the ability to reach a broader market. Digital marketing tools, social media platforms, and e-commerce websites provide SMEs with the ability to engage a global audience. Unlike traditional marketing methods, digital platforms offer cost-effective options to reach and target specific customer segments. With the use of Search Engine Optimization (SEO), pay-per-click advertising, and social media campaigns, SMEs can enhance their visibility and attract new customers without significant capital investment. Technology enhances the customer experience by providing SMEs with tools to offer personalized services and engage customers more effectively. For instance, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software allows businesses to maintain detailed records of customer interactions, preferences, and purchasing behavior. This information can be used to tailor offerings and improve customer satisfaction, ultimately leading to increased customer loyalty and retention. Financial management is crucial for the survival of SMEs, and technology offers tools to streamline this aspect. Software for accounting, budgeting, and financial forecasting can help SMEs keep track of their expenses, revenues, and profits in real time. Additionally, technologies such as cloud-based storage allow for cost-effective solutions for data management and backup, reducing the need for expensive physical infrastructure. This cost efficiency is particularly important for SMEs looking to maximize their profits and reinvest into growth initiatives. Technology fosters innovation, allowing SMEs to introduce new products and services or improve existing offerings. For example, through 3D printing or advanced manufacturing technologies, SMEs in the manufacturing sector can prototype and create customized products at a reduced cost. This innovation helps SMEs differentiate themselves in the market, making them more competitive against larger corporations. Furthermore, the use of data analytics can provide SMEs with insights into market trends, consumer preferences, and potential areas for innovation.

In a fast-paced business environment, the ability to quickly adapt to changes is crucial. Technology enables SMEs to be more agile, allowing them to quickly adjust their business models, marketing strategies, or supply chains in response to market shifts or external factors such as regulatory changes. Cloud-based services, for instance, offer SMEs the flexibility to scale their operations up or down without heavy investments in physical infrastructure, making them more adaptable to market demands, Challenges of Technology Adoption

While technology offers numerous benefits, the adoption process comes with challenges. One major barrier is the initial cost of implementation, which may be prohibitive for SMEs with limited budgets. Additionally, there may be a lack of technical skills or expertise within the SME workforce, which can hinder effective technology adoption and utilization. Moreover, the rapid pace of technological advancements means that SMEs must continuously invest in upgrades and training to remain competitive, which can strain resources. Governments can play a vital role in facilitating technology adoption among SMEs by creating policies that support digital literacy, providing financial incentives or subsidies for technology investments, and encouraging innovation through research and development grants. By addressing barriers such as high implementation costs and lack of technical skills, governments can help SMEs leverage technology to boost their performance and contribute to economic growth. In the modern business landscape, sustainability has become a key consideration. Technology can help SMEs enhance their environmental sustainability through efficient resource management, reduced waste, and improved energy efficiency. For example, cloud computing and data centers reduce the need for extensive physical infrastructure, leading to lower carbon footprints. Additionally, technology can assist SMEs in adopting sustainable practices, such as eco-friendly packaging, waste reduction technologies, or renewable energy sources.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the review of related literature to the study. The actual literature will be reviewed objective by objective, and the sources of literature reviewed will include; secondary sources especially text books, journals, newspapers, research dissertations, government reports and publications, and primary source, especially pilot study that was carried out.

2.1 The Financial constraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs.

The adoption of technology has become increasingly critical for the survival and competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the modern business environment. However, literature reveals that financial constraints remain one of the most significant barriers hindering technology adoption within this sector. Beck and Demirguc-Kunt (2006), SMEs often face limited access to capital compared to larger firms, which makes it difficult to finance investments in modern technologies. Unlike large corporations that can leverage economies of scale, SMEs typically operate with small profit margins, making it challenging to allocate resources for technological upgrades.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are at the forefront of digital transformation and technology adoption, which entails the integration of digital technologies to transform operational procedures, elevate customer satisfaction, foster innovation, and increase competitiveness. Notwithstanding the presence of distinct obstacles such as limited technological knowledge, inadequate financial resources, inadequate digital infrastructure, and shortages of skilled personnel, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have the potential to accrue considerable advantages from digital transformation. Digital transformation empowers small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to achieve sustainability, competitiveness, and customization in their offerings (Philbin et al., 2022). The incorporation of digital technologies is imperative in order to attain sustainable development, which encompasses social, environmental, and economic dimensions. Adoption, nevertheless, is frequently impeded by a dearth of comprehension and strategic direction (Philbin et al., 2022).

One major financial challenge is the high initial cost of acquisition. Studies indicate that technologies such as enterprise resource planning systems, e-commerce platforms, and advanced production equipment require substantial upfront investment, which many SMEs cannot afford (Afolayan et al., 2015). Furthermore, SMEs often lack sufficient collateral to secure external financing from banks or financial institutions. This restricted access to credit limits their ability to invest in innovative technologies that could enhance productivity and efficiency.

Vrontis et al. (2022) emphasize that the process of digital transformation can have a substantial effect on the economic sustainability and production of social value in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study discovered that entrepreneurial attitude acts as a moderator in this connection, amplifying the advantages gained from using digital technologies (Vrontis et al., 2022). Ta and Lin (2023) constructed a hierarchical model using the Technology Organization Environment framework to ascertain the factors that influence the adoption of digital transformation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Their research highlights the crucial significance of environmental elements, such as customer experience and technology compatibility, in promoting the acceptance and utilization of digital technologies (Ta & Lin, 2023). In addition, Ghobakhloo et al. (2022) performed a comprehensive analysis to determine the factors that affect the adoption of Industry 4.0 technology by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A roadmap was created to outline the necessary circumstances for facilitating digital transformation. The plan emphasized the significance of knowledge capabilities and the readiness of the value chain for digitalization (Ghobakhloo et al., 2022). Ultimately, although small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) encounter substantial obstacles in their journey towards digital transformation, successfully surmounting these hurdles can result in heightened efficiency, reduced expenses, enhanced client contentment, and increased competitiveness. These advantages not only bolster individual enterprises but also enhance the general vitality and competitiveness of the economy.

Disruptive technologies have the potential to enhance environmental performance, hence fostering social and economic advantages in small enterprises (Ananda et al., 2023). The pandemic has expedited the process of digitization, leading to quick reopening and increased growth opportunities for small enterprises. This has resulted in a rapid change towards digital technologies across the industry (Ouyang & Sciences, 2023). The utilization of technology as a survival tactic for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) during the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the essentiality of technology for the continued existence and future functioning of these businesses (Abu Hasan et al., 2022). Ultimately, the integration of technology and the process of transitioning to a digital framework in small enterprises provide a means to achieve substantial social and economic advantages, such as sustainability, competitiveness, and improved operational effectiveness. This review seeks to elucidate the mechanisms by which digital transformation can promote these advantages, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive strategies that tackle the obstacles to technology adoption and exploit the opportunities it offers for small businesses and the wider American society

In addition to acquisition costs, ongoing operational and maintenance expenses also present a financial hurdle. Technology adoption is not limited to purchasing hardware and software but also involves continuous expenses such as system upgrades, subscription fees, cybersecurity, and training of employees. As highlighted by Rahman and Ramos (2013), these recurring costs can strain the already limited financial resources of SMEs, leading many to abandon or delay technology adoption.

Another dimension of financial constraint is the perceived risk and uncertainty of return on investment (ROI). SMEs tend to be risk-averse due to their limited financial buffers. Literature shows that owners and managers often hesitate to invest in new technologies because the benefits may not be immediate or guaranteed (Dibrell, Davis & Craig, 2008). This fear of financial loss makes SMEs more cautious compared to larger firms that have the capacity to absorb potential failures.

Moreover, the lack of government support and inadequate financial incentives exacerbate the problem. While some governments have introduced subsidies, tax incentives, or grants to encourage SMEs to adopt digital solutions, research suggests that these initiatives are either insufficient or not easily accessible to smaller enterprises (Chavez et al., 2016). Without strong policy and financial support, SMEs continue to struggle with the affordability of technology.

Finally, scholars emphasize that financial constraints also intersect with other structural challenges, such as limited managerial capacity, lack of technical expertise, and weak financial literacy among SME owners (Molla & Licker, 2005). These limitations amplify the cost burden since SMEs may need to hire external consultants or specialists to implement and manage technology, further inflating overall expenses.

The key challenges include high acquisition costs, recurring operational expenses, limited access to credit, uncertainty of ROI, and inadequate government support. These financial limitations, compounded by structural weaknesses, hinder SMEs from fully exploiting the potential of modern technologies. Addressing these financial barriers through improved access to credit, stronger government incentives, and tailored financial products is essential to enable SMEs to leverage technology for growth and competitiveness.

2.2 Technical constraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs

The adoption of technology by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has been widely recognized as a driver of competitiveness, efficiency, and long-term sustainability, SMEs often face significant technical constraints that limit their ability to integrate modern technologies into their operations. Unlike large firms with established IT departments and infrastructure, SMEs typically operate with limited resources, making technical barriers more pronounced. Research shows that these technical constraints include inadequate ICT infrastructure, poor interoperability of systems, limited access to technical expertise, and the high costs associated with maintaining and upgrading technological solutions (Oliveira & Martins, 2011).

One of the critical technical barriers is limited ICT infrastructure. Many SMEs, especially in developing economies, lack reliable internet connectivity, power supply, and computer systems necessary for the smooth implementation of digital solutions. According to Mutula and Van Brakel (2006), inadequate infrastructure significantly impedes SMEs from adopting e-commerce platforms, cloud services, and other digital innovations. Without robust infrastructure, even simple technologies such as digital payment systems or enterprise resource planning (ERP) tools become difficult to implement effectively.

Another significant technical constraint is the lack of system compatibility and integration. SMEs often rely on fragmented or outdated legacy systems that cannot seamlessly integrate with new technologies. Studies by Ghobakhloo et al. (2012) indicate that technological adoption is hindered when new tools require costly modifications or replacements of existing systems. This challenge is especially evident in areas such as supply chain management and customer relationship management, where interoperability between systems is critical for success.

The shortage of technical skills and expertise also poses a serious barrier. Many SMEs do not have qualified IT staff capable of implementing, maintaining, and troubleshooting modern technologies. This skill gap makes them dependent on external consultants, which increases costs and introduces security and trust concerns. Research by MacGregor and Vrazalic (2005) shows that lack of technical know-how discourages SMEs from adopting complex technologies like artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and cybersecurity solutions. As a result, many SMEs either underutilize technology or avoid adoption altogether.

Furthermore, the high cost of maintenance and upgrades is another technical obstacle. While initial investments in technology are challenging, the ongoing expenses of software updates, system maintenance, and cybersecurity upgrades are equally burdensome. SMEs often lack the financial capacity to continuously update their systems, leaving them with outdated technologies that are vulnerable to cyber threats and inefficiencies. According to Premkumar (2003), the inability to sustain technical maintenance creates a cycle where SMEs adopt technologies but fail to maximize their potential.

Data security and privacy concerns represent a growing technical barrier. With the increasing reliance on digital platforms, SMEs face the challenge of protecting sensitive customer and business data. The absence of strong cybersecurity systems, coupled with limited technical expertise, exposes SMEs to risks such as data breaches and cyberattacks. Studies highlight that fear of such vulnerabilities often discourages SMEs from adopting cloud computing and e-commerce platforms (Rahayu & Day, 2015), technical constraints including inadequate infrastructure, poor system integration, shortage of skilled personnel, high maintenance costs, and cybersecurity challenges remain major obstacles to technology adoption among SMEs. Addressing these barriers requires not only financial investment but also government support, training programs, and policies that foster technological readiness. Without tackling these technical challenges, SMEs may continue to lag behind in leveraging digital innovations for growth and competitiveness.

2.3 Environmental costraints on Adoption of Technology by SMEs

The external environment in which Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operate significantly shapes their ability to adopt new technologies. One major environmental constraint is infrastructure limitations, particularly in developing economies. Inadequate electricity supply, poor internet connectivity, and weak transport systems hinder the effective use of digital technologies and advanced production systems. Studies show that SMEs in rural and semi-urban areas often face frequent power outages and unstable networks, which discourages investment in ICT tools, automation, or e-commerce platforms (Afolayan et al., 2015). Without reliable infrastructure, even motivated firms find it difficult to integrate modern technologies into their operations.

Another key environmental barrier is the regulatory and policy environment. Government policies, legal frameworks, and compliance requirements often determine how easily SMEs can adopt technology. In some contexts, excessive bureaucracy, inconsistent policies, or high taxation create unfavorable conditions for digital transformation. For instance, uncertainty about data protection laws, cybersecurity regulations, or import restrictions on technological equipment can make SMEs hesitant to invest in new systems. Conversely, environments with supportive policies encourage adoption, but in many developing countries, weak institutional support remains a major constraint (Muriithi, 2017).

Market and industry dynamics also influence SMEs’ technological adoption. SMEs operating in highly competitive markets may be pressured to embrace technology, but if their customer base has limited digital literacy or low purchasing power, the incentive weakens. Additionally, SMEs in industries that are less technology-driven, such as traditional crafts or subsistence retailing, may perceive minimal benefits from digital adoption. Furthermore, limited exposure to global markets reduces the pressure to modernize, leading to slower adoption compared to larger firms that operate internationally (Mutoko, 2014).

Environmental constraints also emerge from socio-cultural factors within the business ecosystem. Resistance to change among consumers, suppliers, or even within SME networks can delay technology adoption. For example, in communities where customers prefer face-to-face transactions, SMEs find limited utility in investing in e-commerce platforms. Moreover, cultural attitudes towards technology, digital literacy levels in the community, and trust in digital transactions strongly influence SMEs’ willingness to adopt innovations (Mazzarol, 2015).

Environmental uncertainty and external shocks such as economic recessions, political instability, and global crises (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic) can shape technology adoption among SMEs. Unstable environments increase risks and discourage long-term investments in technology, as SMEs focus on survival rather than innovation. For example, during economic downturns, firms tend to prioritize short-term liquidity over capital investments in ICT or automation. Similarly, supply chain disruptions or inflation in technology costs reduce SMEs’ ability to embrace new systems, thereby limiting their competitiveness in a rapidly digitalizing global economy (Al Bar & Hoque, 2019).

Lwoga et al., (2016) further notes that access to and production of adoption of technology are essential prerequisite for participation in the global economy; this is witnessed by the fact that technologies have significantly increased the speed of production, use and distribution of knowledge, thus making a country’s economic and social wellbeing dependant on how quickly it can adjust its capacity to share and generate knowledge. Komba et al., (2016) transformations brought to different firms as a result of Information systems offer many potential opportunities for both developed and developing nations. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, particularly in emerging economies. Their ability to innovate is a key determinant of their competitiveness and long-term survival. One of the factors that significantly influence SME innovation capabilities is the adoption of technology. Technology adoption refers to the process by which an organization integrates new technologies into its operations, products, or services. In the context of SMEs, technology is often seen as a catalyst for innovation, enabling businesses to enhance product quality, streamline processes, reduce costs, and enter new markets (OECD, 2019). SMEs with advanced technological capabilities are more likely to develop innovative products and services that meet changing customer needs, thus strengthening their competitive position (Zeng, Xie, & Tam, 2010).Innovation capabilities in SMEs encompass both the ability to create new products and

services and the ability to improve internal processes. Research has shown that technology adoption can directly impact both types of innovation. For instance, SMEs that adopt information and communication technologies (ICT) can enhance their ability to process and analyze data, facilitating better decision-making and fostering product and process innovations (Khalil & Gholami, 2020).

Several factors influence the adoption of technology in SMEs, including financial resources, managerial capabilities, and organizational culture. According to Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations theory, the perceived advantages of technology adoption, such as cost reduction, enhanced efficiency, and improved customer satisfaction, are key motivators for SMEs to embrace new technologies (Rogers, 2003). Furthermore, the adoption of technology is also influenced by external factors, such as industry trends and the competitive landscape. SMEs in industries that are highly competitive or technology-driven are more likely to adopt cutting-edge technologies to stay competitive and meet customer demands (Carvalho, Mota, & Mota, 2018). The availability of external support, such as government incentives or industry partnerships, can also facilitate technology adoption (OECD, 2020), Empirical studies have consistently found that technology adoption enhances the innovation capabilities of SMEs. For example, a study by Tushman and Nadler (1986) found that SMEs that adopted advanced manufacturing technologies were more successful at innovating their products and processes. Similarly, SMEs that implemented enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems or customer relationship management (CRM) technologies have been shown to improve both their product offerings and internal operations (Vázquez, Suárez, & Rodríguez, 2016).

The integration of digital technologies, such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics, has also been shown to significantly enhance innovation capabilities. These technologies provide SMEs with access to real-time data and insights that can inform decision-making and enable the development of new business models or products. SMEs that leverage these technologies are better equipped to respond to market trends and customer preferences, facilitating innovation (Bharadwaj, El Sawy, Pavlou, & Venkatraman, 2013), While the relationship between technology adoption and innovation capabilities is largely positive, SMEs often face several barriers to adopting new technologies. These barriers include limited financial resources, lack of skilled personnel, and resistance to change among employees (Hossain & Kauranen, 2007). SMEs are typically constrained by resource limitations, which may prevent them from investing in costly technology solutions or training their workforce to effectively use new tools (Zhang, Venkatesh, & Sykes, 2010).

Moreover, SMEs often struggle with the complexity and scalability of new technologies, which may require substantial adjustments to existing processes. In some cases, the integration of technology may disrupt operations, leading to short-term losses in productivity (Makkonen & Koponen, 2020). Overcoming these challenges requires strong leadership, strategic planning, and the willingness to adapt organizational structures to accommodate technological changes.

Several factors moderate the relationship between technology adoption and innovation capabilities in SMEs. The role of organizational culture, leadership, and external networks cannot be overlooked. A supportive culture that encourages experimentation and learning from failures can facilitate the successful integration of new technologies (Foss, Laursen, & Pedersen, 2011). Leadership is also crucial, as SMEs with visionary leaders who are open to change are more likely to adopt technologies that enhance their innovation potential (Camisón & Forés, 2010).Additionally, collaboration with external partners, such as suppliers, universities, or industry networks, can enhance an SME’s ability to adopt and effectively use technology for innovation purposes. By accessing external knowledge and expertise, SMEs can overcome some of the challenges associated with technology adoption and better align their technology choices with their innovation goals (Zhang & Jiang, 2018).

Social media readiness is a nuanced concept that has been interpreted in various ways across the literature. While some scholars view readiness as a straightforward precursor to adoption, others argue that it is a multifaceted construct encompassing both internal and external factors.

For instance, Frambach and Schillewaert (2002) suggest that readiness involves not only the willingness to adopt new technologies but also the organizational capacity to implement them effectively. This perspective contrasts with studies that emphasize the external barriers to readiness, such as market conditions and regulatory environments (Scupola, 2009). These contradictions highlight the need for a more integrated approach to understanding readiness—one that considers both the internal resources of a firm and the external challenges it faces.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the research methods that were used to carry out the study. It covered the research design, area of study, target population, sample design, sample size, research instrument, measurement of variables, data collection procedure, data analysis and ethical considerations of the study.

3.2 Research Design

The study will use a cross-sectional research design. This design will use because the researcher will be able to collect data from across all corners of the population of interest in the study. This design will be adopted because it is cheap in terms of time and cost as observed by (Mugenda, 2003, Sekaran, 2004).Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches for data collection and analysis will be used in this study. According to Mugenda (2003), the two approaches will supplement each other, and they help to reduce bias in each approach. Amin (2005) argues that triangulation enables the researcher to have a deeper analysis using the inductive and deductive approaches through qualitative and quantitative perspectives, which enable the researcher to analyze data from all angles, and give a more concrete and realistic description of the findings. Qualitative approach helps in interpreting peoples’ opinions, perceptions, and attitudes to give a deeper understanding into the problem under investigation.

3.3 Study Population

The study population will be generated from SMEs and will comprise of 239 owners of SMEs whose duties influenced the effect of SMEs.

3.4 Determination of the sample size

Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table for sample size determination approach, a sample size of 181 will be determined from the total population of 239 SME owners and only 5 local leaders will be interviewed.

3.5 Sampling techniques and procedure

This study will use both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. In probability sampling, simple random sampling will be used, while purposive sampling will be used for non-probability sampling.

3.5.1 Simple random sampling

In this sampling technique every element/member in the population has equal chances of being selected to participate in the study. This technique will be used because it avoids bias, and is easy to use. Neuman (2006).

3.5.2 Purposive sampling

Purposive sampling strategy will be used in this study because it enables the researcher to use cases in the population that have the required information, as argued by (Mugenda 2003; Neuman 2006). In purposive sampling the researcher will approach those respondents that have more knowledge about the problem under investigation thus enabling him not to waste time and resources on respondents with less/no information on the problem. It will be used for selecting leader.

3.6 Data collection methods

The section presents data collection methods which include; questionnaire survey, interview and documentary review.

3.6.1Questionnaire Survey

Questionnaire Survey method will be used to obtain the opinion of the respondents regarding the topic under study. According to (Onen & onen, 2013) questionnaires are important in research because the respondents are given time to think and they don’t feel intimidated. Questionnaire gives the respondents ample time to respond to the questions when ready and they can be kept for future references. This method will be deployed to capture information from owners of SMEs.

3.6.2 Interview

Interviews are an effective qualitative method for getting people to talk about their feelings, opinions and experiences. They are also an opportunity for us to gain insight into how people interpret the topic under investigation. The views of the respondents will be a personal reflection of their personal experience relating to the study topic. Open ended questions will allow ease of expression and capture of vast information from study participants. This method will be deployed to capture information from the local leaders.

3.6.3 Documentary review

This will analyze the documents and publications related to the study topic. Documents that will be reviewed will include; reports, Journals, research publications, magazines, text books and Newspapers.

3.7 Data collection instruments

For each deployed data collection method, there is a corresponding data collection instrument that will be used. The study will be used Questionnaire Guides, Interview Guide and Document review checklist as described in the sub-sections below.

3.7.1 Self-administered Questionnaire

The questionnaire will be designed in a manner that motivates respondents with simple structured questions with the option of providing any addition information to the structured questionnaire as an option to obtain relevant data from them. The questionnaire will be structured with both close-ended and open-ended questions. It will have aLikert scale 1-5 indicating the level of a respondents’ agreement or disagreement, where 1 represents Strongly Disagree and 5 strongly agree.

3.7.2 Interview Guide

Unstructured interview guide will be designed and used by the researcher to collect qualitative data from key informants. It had key items/questions that will be asked to key respondents and then it will be filled by the researcher while conducting a face to face interview. This instrument according to Sekaran (2004) enables the researcher to collect rich and detailed data, get more clarifications, and it enables the researcher to establish rapport and motivate respondents to answer questions. Yuko & Onen (2009) argue that this instrument enables the researcher to collect data that can’t be written, and to capture meaning beyond words, and it yields a high response rate. The researcher will use the interview guide to supplement data that will be got from questionnaire and get more clarification on variables under the study.

3.7.3 Document Review Checklist

The researcher will use this instrument in order to capture secondary data and first-hand information relevant to the study. These documents will help the researcher by revealing the influence the independent variables have. This will be achieved through a review of the analysis reports, journals and newspapers.

3.8 Data quality control of instruments

The data collections tools will be pre-tested on a smaller number of respondents from each category of the population to ensure that the questions were accurate.

3.8.1 Validity

Validity is defined as the extent to which results can be accurately interpreted and generalized to other populations (Oso & Onen, 2008). While Borg & Gall, 1989 as cited in Onyinkwa, (2013) validity is defined as the degree to which results obtained by the research instrument correctly represented to the phenomenon understudy. Mugenda & Mugenda, (1999) defines it as the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences which are based on the research results.

The formula for Content Validity Index was;

CVI =

Where CVI = content validity

n= number of items indicated relevant.

N = total no. of items in the instrument.

In this study, validity will be achieved by establishing content validity. The researcher will achieve this content validity by using the experts to assess the validity of the research instrument.

3.8.2 Reliability

According to Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) reliability is the measure of the extent to which research instruments are able to provide the same results upon being tested repeatedly. Crobach’s coefficient alpha (a) as recommended by Amin, (2005, P.302) will be used to test the reliability of the research instrument. The instrument is deemed reliable if reliability of 0.7 and above is obtained and therefore, it will be adopted for use in the data collection.

Formula for reliability is

= ()

Where = alpha reliability co efficiency.

K=Number of items included in the questionnaire

= sum of variance of individual items

= variance of all items in the instrument.

To ensure credibility and trust worthiness of qualitative data the researcher will ensure that only the officials who will be owners of SMEs..

3.9 Procedure of data collection

The researchers will obtain an introductory letter from Uganda Christian University to seek permission and enable easy access of information by the researcher from, After the permission is granted for, the study , the researcher will go ahead and administered questionnaires and interview selected respondents. However, the consent of the respondents will be sought before being given questionnaire and the respondents will be informed that the study is strictly for academics.

3.10 Data analysis

The study will use both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods

3.10.1 Quantitative Data Analysis

Data processing will be done by entering the data into a statistics package for social sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 in line with the research questions. Data analysis will be done by also using this statistics package for social sciences (SPSS) to formulate frequency tables where the percentages, frequency, mean, variance and standard deviation will be obtained.

The quantitative analysis process will include; editing, classification, coding and presentation. Data will be summarized in frequency tables, percentage and it will be analyzed with the use of statistical package for social scientist (SPSS). Quantitative data will be collected through structured questionnaires and it will be entered into a computer, tabulated and analysed.

Spearman’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis is recommended by Amin (2005, P.378) will be used during data analysis in order to test the strength, degree and direction of the study.

3.10.2 Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative data will be analysed using content analysis. It involves gathering and analysing data based on the content, where by the raw data collected from the field will be read through to enable the researcher to get familiar with the data. At this process, the study will use noted cards to organise the available data to accelerate further analysis. Data will then be evaluated and analysed to determine its accuracy, credibility, usefulness and consistency which will aide acceptance of the study.

3.11Measurements of variables

A five point Likert ordinal scales ranging from; strongly agree which will be assigned 5, 4 agree, Not Sure assigned 3, Disagree allocated 2 and strongly disagree allotted 1 to obtain responses on the variables. The Likert ordinal scale has been used by numerous scholars who have conducted similar studies such as Bowling, (1997).

The structured questions will be measured using the following variables;

Technology platform

Commerce

Social Media platform
Mobile applications

3.12Ethical considerations

The researcher will ensure that before giving questionnaires to the respondents their consent is sought and when they accept to participate in the study, they will be given questionnaires.

Confidentiality of the respondents’ information will be assured and the researcher also will inform them that the study is strictly for academic purposes and therefore, they should not fear giving information.

Only respondents who are selected will be given questionnaires and only those meant to be interviewed will actually be interviewed.

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