TOPIC

INVESTIGATING THE LIFESTYLE, COPING MECHANISMS, INCOME SOURCES, AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MARIJUANA USERS IN KATWE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT, KAMPALA, UGANDA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, specific objectives, research questions, scope of the study, and significance of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

The use of psychoactive substances remains a major public health concern globally, particularly among young people. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines young people as individuals between 10 and 24 years of age (Peacock et al., 2019). Existing evidence indicates that psychoactive substance use may increase significantly in the coming years, with an estimated global increase of 11% and an increase of approximately 40% in Africa by 2030. The increase is expected to be particularly pronounced among young people in Africa because of rapid urbanization and the relatively high levels of substance use among young populations compared with adults and previous generations. This situation is further compounded by declining perceptions of the harmful effects of substances such as cannabis. A systematic review reported that psychoactive substance use among young people in Sub-Saharan Africa may be as high as 41.6%. Substance use among young people has also continued to increase in Uganda (Ebrahim, Adams, & Demant, 2024). For example, a survey among adolescent boys and young men in Kampala reported a 10.5% prevalence of alcohol use during the previous 30 days, with prevalence being 6.6% among those attending school and 21.9% among those who were out of school (Ssekamatte et al., 2023).

Although comprehensive data remain limited, available evidence suggests that psychoactive substance use is particularly prevalent in informal settlements. In this study, informal settlements refer to urban residential areas characterized by inadequate housing, overcrowding, poverty, and limited access to essential services. The high prevalence of substance use in such communities may be associated with factors such as easy availability of substances, peer influence, curiosity, psychological distress, unemployment, and socioeconomic deprivation. The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified some of these vulnerabilities through increased anxiety and depression, reduced social support, and loss of employment and income among residents of informal settlements (Rukundo & Asasira, 2025).

Psychoactive substance use among young people may also be influenced by expectations regarding sexual pleasure and performance, increased confidence in approaching sexual partners, and reduced sexual inhibitions (Ogundipe et al., 2018). However, substance use can impair judgment and decision-making and may contribute to risky sexual behaviors. Sexual activity while under the influence of psychoactive substances may also reduce the ability or willingness to use condoms and increase vulnerability to sexual coercion and non-spousal sexual activity. Consequently, users may face increased risks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, as well as unintended pregnancies.

Across Africa, urban informal settlements are often associated with elevated levels of illicit substance use due to poverty, unemployment, limited access to social services, and socioeconomic exclusion. Studies suggest that deprivation and social vulnerability may encourage some individuals to use substances as a means of coping with difficult circumstances. In East Africa, countries such as Kenya and Uganda have reported significant levels of substance use in informal settlements, with patterns often associated with economic exclusion and social networks that facilitate continued substance use.

Uganda is reported to have a substantial population of marijuana users, with estimates suggesting approximately 2.6 million users nationally. Urban areas, particularly Kampala, are reported to have relatively high levels of consumption. Studies have reported marijuana-use prevalence ranging between 2.6% and 6.2% among urban populations, with substance use sometimes occurring alongside mental health challenges and the use of other substances such as khat and tobacco (Ssekamatte et al., 2022).

Katwe, an informal settlement in Makindye Division of Kampala, provides an important setting for examining these challenges. The area is characterized by poverty, overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, unemployment, and social exclusion. These conditions may create an environment in which substance use becomes intertwined with economic survival, social relationships, and individual coping strategies. Young people living in such environments may be particularly vulnerable to substance use because of economic hardship, limited employment opportunities, and weak social support networks.

Despite the existing evidence on substance use in Kampala, there is limited qualitative research examining the lived experiences of marijuana users specifically in Katwe. This study therefore seeks to explore how marijuana users in Katwe organize their daily lives, cope with social and economic challenges, generate income, and maintain relationships with family members, peers, and the wider community.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Marijuana use among young people in urban informal settlements remains a growing concern across Sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty, unemployment, rapid urbanization, social exclusion, peer influence, and reduced perceptions of the risks associated with substance use may contribute to the continued use of marijuana and other psychoactive substances. Uganda has been identified as one of the African countries with substantial marijuana consumption, while Kampala’s informal settlements represent particularly vulnerable environments.

Katwe Informal Settlement in Makindye Division, Kampala, is characterized by socioeconomic challenges, including poverty, overcrowding, unemployment, inadequate sanitation, and limited economic opportunities. These conditions may expose residents, particularly young people, to circumstances that encourage substance use as a means of coping with stress, economic difficulties, social pressures, and psychological distress.

Despite these concerns, there is insufficient localized qualitative evidence on the lived experiences of marijuana users in Katwe. Existing studies have largely emphasized the prevalence, causes, and health consequences of substance use, with relatively limited attention to how marijuana users experience and organize their everyday lives. In particular, little is known about how marijuana use influences daily routines, the coping mechanisms users employ to manage economic and social difficulties, the sources through which they obtain income, and the nature of their relationships with family members, friends, peers, and other community members.

This knowledge gap limits the ability of policymakers, health practitioners, community organizations, and other stakeholders to develop interventions that adequately respond to the circumstances of marijuana users in informal settlements. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the lifestyle, coping mechanisms, income sources, and social relationships among marijuana users in Katwe Informal Settlement, Kampala, Uganda.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to develop an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of marijuana users in Katwe Informal Settlement, Kampala. The study will explore their daily lifestyles, coping mechanisms, sources of income, and social relationships within the context of poverty, stigma, socioeconomic marginalization, and life in an informal settlement.

1.4 Specific Objectives

The study will be guided by the following objectives:

1. To explore and describe the daily lifestyles, routines, and behavioral patterns of marijuana users in Katwe Informal Settlement, including how substance use influences their allocation of time, activities, and daily functioning.
2. To identify and examine the coping mechanisms employed by marijuana users to manage stress, psychological distress, stigma, health challenges, and economic hardships associated with living in an informal settlement.
3. To examine the major sources of income, economic strategies, and financial inflows among marijuana users in Katwe, including the contribution of formal, informal, and potentially illicit activities to their livelihoods.
4. To explore the nature of social relationships among marijuana users in Katwe, particularly their relationships with family members, peers, friends, and other members of the community.

1.5 Research Questions

The study will seek to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the daily lifestyles, routines, and behavioral patterns of marijuana users in Katwe Informal Settlement, and how does marijuana use influence their daily activities and functioning?
2. What coping mechanisms do marijuana users in Katwe employ to manage stress, psychological distress, stigma, health challenges, and economic hardships?
3. What are the major sources of income and economic strategies among marijuana users in Katwe, and how do different income-generating activities contribute to their livelihoods?
4. What is the nature of social relationships between marijuana users and their families, peers, friends, and other members of the community?

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study will be presented in terms of content, geographical area, and time.

1.6.1 Content Scope

The study will focus on the daily lifestyles, routines, and behavioral patterns of marijuana users; the coping mechanisms they employ to deal with stress, stigma, health challenges, and economic difficulties; their sources of income and economic strategies; and their social relationships with family members, peers, friends, and the wider community.

1.6.2 Time Scope

The study will be conducted over a period of one month. This period will cover the activities of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and preparation of the research report.

1.6.3 Geographical Scope

The study will be conducted in Katwe Informal Settlement, located in Makindye Division of Kampala, Uganda. Katwe has been selected because it represents an urban informal settlement characterized by socioeconomic challenges that provide an appropriate context for examining the experiences of marijuana users.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The study is expected to be significant to several stakeholders.

Policymakers and Government Agencies: The findings will provide information on the lived experiences and socioeconomic circumstances of marijuana users in informal settlements. This may assist policymakers in developing evidence-based policies and interventions addressing substance use, poverty, unemployment, and social vulnerability.

Health Practitioners: The findings may help public health practitioners and other service providers gain a better understanding of the challenges faced by marijuana users. This may contribute to the development of appropriate community-based health, counseling, and support interventions.

Non-Governmental and Community-Based Organizations: Organizations working in informal settlements may use the findings to design programs that address substance use alongside the socioeconomic conditions that influence people’s coping strategies and livelihoods.

Families and Communities: The study may contribute to greater understanding of the social circumstances surrounding marijuana use and encourage more informed community responses to substance-use-related challenges.

Researchers and Scholars: The study will contribute to the literature on substance use, informal settlements, poverty, coping mechanisms, livelihoods, and social relationships in Uganda and Sub-Saharan Africa. It may also provide a basis for future qualitative studies in similar settings.

The Researcher: The study will enable the researcher to develop practical skills in qualitative research, including interviewing, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, and academic report writing.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter reviews literature related to the study objectives. The review focuses on the daily lifestyles and behavioral patterns of marijuana users, coping mechanisms, sources of income and economic strategies, and social relationships among marijuana users in informal settlements.

2.1 Daily Lifestyles, Routines, and Behavioral Patterns of Marijuana Users

Research examining the everyday lifestyles, routines, and behavioral patterns of marijuana users in low-income urban settings, particularly informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa, remains relatively limited. Much of the existing literature has concentrated on prevalence, risk factors, and health consequences rather than providing detailed accounts of users’ everyday experiences. Studies conducted in Kampala’s informal settlements indicate that psychoactive substance use occurs alongside socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and limited social support (Kalungi et al., 2024; Swahn et al., 2020).

Research among young people living in Kampala’s informal settlements has reported higher levels of illicit drug use among some groups, particularly out-of-school adolescents and young people involved in other high-risk behaviors. Such patterns suggest that substance use may influence educational, occupational, and social routines and may contribute to irregular daily schedules (Kabwama et al., 2024).

Qualitative evidence from comparable settings suggests that substance use may influence how individuals allocate their time. In Nairobi’s informal settlements, for example, substance use among young people has been associated with disrupted participation in formal education and employment and increased socialization within peer groups where substances are consumed (Mutai et al., 2020). Similarly, research in Kampala’s informal settlements has shown that alcohol and other substance use may occur within social environments that shape leisure activities and peer interactions (Swahn et al., 2020).

Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa further suggests that cannabis use may occur alongside the use of other substances and become incorporated into leisure and social activities. This may contribute to marginalization where substance use reduces opportunities for education, employment, skills development, and productive income-generating activities (Olawole-Isaac et al., 2018).

However, there remains limited research specifically documenting the everyday routines and lifestyles of marijuana users in Katwe. This gap demonstrates the need for qualitative research that explores how users organize their time, undertake daily activities, interact with others, and navigate the demands of everyday life.

2.2 Coping Mechanisms among Marijuana Users

Marijuana use may serve as a coping mechanism for some individuals experiencing stress and psychological distress, particularly in environments characterized by socioeconomic vulnerability. Stress-coping perspectives suggest that some individuals use cannabis to manage negative emotions or temporarily relieve psychological discomfort (Hyman & Sinha, 2009). Research has also identified coping with negative emotions and difficult life circumstances as common motivations for cannabis use (Brodbeck et al., 2007; Buckner et al., 2007).

The relationship between socioeconomic hardship and substance use may be particularly important in low-resource settings. Poverty, unemployment, social exclusion, and exposure to stressful circumstances can create psychological pressures that may influence patterns of substance use. Research in African urban informal settlements has associated substance use with economic deprivation, trauma, unemployment, and limited access to mental health services (Swahn et al., 2018; Paul et al., 2020).

Stigma may further complicate the experiences of marijuana users. Individuals who use cannabis may face negative attitudes, social exclusion, discrimination, and fear of legal consequences. These experiences may influence how users interact with family members, peers, health providers, and community members (Bottorff et al., 2013). In marginalized communities, social and economic inequalities may intensify these experiences and encourage individuals to conceal their substance use.

Health-related challenges may also influence coping behavior. Some users may perceive marijuana as a means of managing particular physical or psychological experiences, potentially reinforcing continued use. However, the relationship between marijuana use and coping varies among individuals and requires context-specific investigation.

There is therefore a need to understand the coping strategies used by marijuana users in Katwe, including both substance-related and non-substance-related strategies, and how these strategies are influenced by poverty, stigma, social relationships, health concerns, and economic hardship.

2.3 Sources of Income, Economic Strategies, and Financial Inflows

Urban informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa are generally characterized by poverty, unemployment, limited formal employment opportunities, and dependence on informal economic activities. Residents commonly engage in activities such as petty trading, casual labor, street vending, and small-scale businesses as strategies for meeting their daily needs (African Population and Health Research Center, 2002; Swahn et al., 2018).

In Kampala’s informal settlements, livelihood activities may include petty trading, casual employment, vending, and small-scale entrepreneurship. These activities are often undertaken within an environment characterized by limited economic opportunities and inadequate infrastructure (Rugadya et al., 2020).

Young people who use psychoactive substances may similarly depend on informal employment and other short-term economic activities. Research in Kampala’s informal settlements indicates that vulnerable young people may participate in street vending, casual labor, and other informal activities while simultaneously experiencing substance-use-related challenges (Culbreth et al., 2021; Swahn et al., 2020).

Studies from other East African informal settlements indicate that young people involved in substance use may rely on various informal income sources, including petty trade and casual work. Limited education, unemployment, and inadequate access to skills development may constrain opportunities for stable employment (Othieno et al., 2003).

Some literature also discusses the involvement of individuals with substance-use problems in illicit economic activities. However, evidence regarding the specific relationship between marijuana use and income-generating activities in Katwe remains limited. It is therefore important for the present study to explore, without making assumptions, the actual sources of income reported by participants and how these sources support their daily livelihoods.

The literature therefore demonstrates the need for localized qualitative research to understand how marijuana users in Katwe generate and manage income, how they respond to economic hardship, and how their livelihood strategies interact with their substance-use experiences.

2.4 Social Relationships among Marijuana Users

Social relationships are an important component of the experiences of people who use psychoactive substances. Family members, friends, peers, and community networks may influence substance-use behavior and may either provide support or contribute to social difficulties.

Peer networks can influence substance-use behavior by creating social environments in which substance use is normalized or encouraged. At the same time, peer groups may provide companionship, emotional support, and social belonging, particularly for individuals experiencing marginalization or limited family support.

Family relationships may also be affected by substance use. Conflicts may arise because of differences in attitudes toward marijuana use, financial difficulties, changes in behavior, or concerns about health and social wellbeing. Conversely, family members may provide emotional, financial, or practical support to individuals experiencing substance-use-related challenges.

Stigma and social exclusion may further affect relationships between marijuana users and members of the wider community. Individuals may experience discrimination or may choose to conceal their substance use to avoid negative reactions. Such experiences may influence their willingness to seek assistance or participate in community activities.

Despite the importance of social relationships, limited qualitative research has specifically explored how marijuana users in Katwe understand and experience their relationships with family members, peers, friends, and other community members. The present study therefore seeks to address this gap by exploring the nature, quality, and influence of these relationships.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology that will guide the study. It describes the research design, study population, sampling techniques and procedures, data collection methods, data collection instruments, validity and reliability of the research instruments, data analysis, and ethical considerations.

3.2 Research Design

The study will employ a cross-sectional qualitative research design. The cross-sectional design will enable the researcher to collect information from participants at a particular point in time. The qualitative approach will be used to obtain detailed descriptions of participants’ experiences, perceptions, opinions, coping mechanisms, income-generating activities, and social relationships.

The qualitative approach is considered appropriate because the study seeks to understand the lived experiences of marijuana users rather than quantify the prevalence of marijuana use. The approach will allow participants to describe their experiences in their own words and provide detailed information concerning their daily lives.

3.3 Study Population

The study population will comprise marijuana users and relevant key informants associated with selected rehabilitation or support centres in Kampala. The study will target approximately 30 participants for in-depth interviews.

Participants will be selected based on their relevance to the study objectives and their ability and willingness to provide information concerning the subject under investigation.

3.4 Sampling Techniques and Procedure

The study will employ purposive sampling as the primary sampling technique. Purposive sampling will enable the researcher to deliberately select participants who possess relevant experiences and knowledge concerning marijuana use, coping mechanisms, livelihoods, and social relationships.

Where appropriate and feasible, simple random procedures may be used to select participants from an available sampling list. However, because this is a qualitative study focusing on lived experiences, emphasis will be placed on purposively selecting information-rich participants rather than achieving statistical generalizability.

The researcher will identify eligible participants, explain the purpose of the study, seek their voluntary participation, and conduct interviews with those who consent to participate.

3.5 Data Collection Methods

The study will employ in-depth interviews and documentary review as the main data collection methods.

3.5.1 Interview Method

In-depth interviews will be conducted to obtain detailed information concerning the experiences of marijuana users. Interviews will allow participants to describe their daily routines, coping strategies, income sources, and social relationships in their own words.

The interview method will be appropriate because it provides the researcher with an opportunity to probe responses, clarify questions, explore emerging issues, and obtain detailed explanations of participants’ experiences. The researcher will use language that participants understand and will create an environment that encourages participants to express their views freely.

3.5.2 Document Review Method

The researcher will review relevant documents to obtain additional information related to marijuana use, substance use, informal settlements, livelihoods, and related social issues.

Documentary review will supplement information obtained from interviews and provide contextual information for interpreting the findings. Documents to be reviewed may include relevant Ministry of Health reports, academic journal articles, government publications, institutional reports, newspapers, and other relevant publications.

3.6 Data Collection Instruments

The study will use an interview guide and a document review checklist as the main research instruments.

3.6.1 Interview Guide

An in-depth semi-structured interview guide will be used to collect detailed information from participants. The guide will contain key questions and thematic areas corresponding to the study objectives.

The interview guide will cover participants’ daily lifestyles, coping mechanisms, sources of income, economic experiences, and social relationships. The semi-structured format will allow the researcher to ask additional probing questions where necessary while ensuring that all major areas of the study are covered.

3.6.2 Documentary Review Checklist

A documentary review checklist will be used to guide the identification and review of relevant documents. The checklist will enable the researcher to systematically record information relating to the study topic and ensure that important areas are covered consistently.

3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Research Instruments

3.7.1 Validity

Validity refers to the extent to which a research instrument accurately measures or captures the phenomenon it is intended to investigate (Oso & Onen, 2008). In this study, validity will be enhanced by developing the interview guide directly from the research objectives and questions.

The interview guide will also be reviewed by the research supervisor and, where possible, other knowledgeable individuals to ensure that the questions are clear, relevant, and capable of generating information necessary to answer the research questions. Pre-testing of the interview guide will also be conducted to identify unclear or ambiguous questions before the main data collection exercise.

3.7.2 Reliability

Reliability refers to the consistency of a research instrument in generating information when applied under similar circumstances (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003).

In this qualitative study, reliability will be enhanced by using a consistent interview guide across participants, maintaining accurate interview records, asking questions in a systematic manner, and carefully documenting participants’ responses. The researcher will also maintain consistency in the data collection and recording procedures throughout the study.

3.8 Data Analysis

Qualitative data collected through interviews will be analyzed using thematic content analysis. The researcher will first organize and review the interview responses and identify recurring ideas, concepts, and patterns.

The responses will then be coded and grouped into major themes corresponding to the study objectives. Themes are expected to include daily lifestyles, coping mechanisms, sources of income, economic strategies, and social relationships.

The researcher will interpret the emerging themes and compare them with the reviewed literature. Selected participant quotations may be used in the presentation of findings to illustrate important themes and preserve participants’ perspectives.

3.9 Ethical Considerations

The researcher will obtain the necessary permission before commencing data collection. Participants will be informed about the purpose of the study, the nature of their participation, and their right to decline participation or withdraw from the study.

Participation will be voluntary, and informed consent will be obtained before interviews are conducted. Participants will not be required to provide identifying information unnecessarily. Confidentiality and privacy will be maintained throughout the research process, and information obtained from participants will be used strictly for academic purposes.

Because the study concerns a potentially sensitive and stigmatized subject, interviews will be conducted in a manner that respects participants’ privacy, dignity, and safety. The researcher will avoid unnecessary collection of information that could expose participants to legal, social, or personal risks.

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