methodology
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter outlines the methodology employed in the study, covering the research design, area of study, study population, sample size and selection, sampling techniques, data collection methods, data quality control, data collection procedures, and limitations encountered during the research.
3.1 Research Design
A descriptive research design was adopted for this study due to the nature of the variables involved. This design was selected to generate data suitable for both quantitative and qualitative analysis and to allow for the simultaneous description of respondents’ views, perceptions, and opinions at a specific point in time (White, 2000). The design facilitated the collection of in-depth information on respondents’ interests and opinions regarding the study variables, resulting in rich data that informed significant recommendations.
3.2 Area of Study
The research was conducted at the Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA), located at Plot 95, Kampala Road.
3.3 Study Population and Sample Size
The study focused on UNRA’s top management, accounting staff, procurement officers, and suppliers (UNRA employee records, 2015). The sample consisted of 30 respondents, including 3 from the accounting department, 10 from administration, 10 from the accounting section, and 7 from top management. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants from these categories.
Table 1: Sample Size of Respondents
| Population Category | Sample Size |
|---|---|
| Administration | 10 |
| Accounting | 10 |
| Procurement and Disposal Unit | 3 |
| Top Management | 7 |
| Total | 30 |
3.4 Sampling Techniques
According to Amin (2005), sampling involves selecting a sample from the population in such a way that each sample of the same size has an equal probability of being chosen. The sample for this study included 30 respondents, selected using purposive sampling across different categories.
3.5 Data Collection Methods
Data was sourced from both primary and secondary sources.
- Primary Data: This data was collected through questionnaires distributed to the target respondents to gather their opinions and practices regarding the influence of ethics on financial management at UNRA.
- Secondary Data: Secondary data refers to data that was previously collected for purposes other than the current research (Bell, 1997). This included literature related to the influence of ethics on financial management at UNRA. Secondary data was used because it often provides more accurate and cost-effective information compared to primary data.
3.6 Data Collection Instruments
- Questionnaires: The main instrument for quantitative data collection was the questionnaire. Respondents from various departments, including administration, accounting, and procurement, were asked to fill out questionnaires. These questionnaires were based on the study’s objectives and designed to be closed-ended, providing respondents with adequate time to understand and answer the questions. The anonymity of the questionnaires encouraged candid responses.
- Interviews: Qualitative data was collected using structured interviews. These interviews, lasting between thirty and sixty minutes, were conducted with participants from administration and suppliers. Both formal and informal interviews were used to gather detailed information about respondents’ perceptions, attitudes, and experiences.
3.7 Data Collection Procedures
After obtaining permission from the University, the researcher familiarized themselves with the study area. Permission was sought from relevant staff, and once granted, questionnaires were distributed, and interviews were conducted with selected participants.
3.8 Quality Control of Data Instruments
To ensure data quality, the research instruments were reviewed by the supervisor for accuracy. A pilot study was then conducted to test the instruments’ effectiveness in measuring the intended variables.
3.9 Data Processing and Analysis
Collected data was coded, edited, and organized for analysis. Only completed data sets were analyzed using statistical tables and graphs.
3.10 Limitations of the Study
The study faced financial constraints, which affected cash flow but did not significantly impact the research. Some respondents delayed in completing the questionnaires or were reluctant to provide information. To address this, respondents were reassured of the confidentiality of their responses.
