ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCE OF OYITINO DAM, GULU DISTRICT

1.0 Introduction

This chapter includes, background, statement of the problem, research objectives, scope of the study and significance of the study.

 1.1 BACKGROUND

Surface fresh water is unfortunately limited and unequally distributed in the world, and at least 50% of the world’s lakes are located in Canada a lone (UNDP, 2002). Structure such as dams may be used for water impoundment for irrigation, power generation, water supply, flood prevention, water diversion, navigation, etc., if properly designed and constructed, the dam can help provide a sustainable water supply. The design should consider peak flood flow

Africa has very unpredictable water rainfall patterns, this has affected most of the primary water sources of wells which are the main source of livelihood for water in the rural areas (Falkenmark and Rockstrom, 2004).

A lot of economic activities are taking place in African countries thus putting pressure on the available water resources (Swatuk, 2008).

Problems with the operations and maintenance of water supply and sanitation have long been recognized as key constraints of the sustainability of water services. In Uganda today, the operations and maintenance of rural water facilities (RWF) is largely based on the Community Based Management Systems (CBMS), which emphasizes community responsibility and authority over the development, operations and maintenance of their facilities (MoWE, March 2004)

Uganda is a landlocked country in Eastern Africa lying 1º00 ́ north of the Equator and 32º00 ́ east of Greenwich. It is bordered by the Sudan on the north, Tanzania and Rwanda on the south, Kenya on the east, and the Democratic Republic of Congo on the west. The country has a total land area of 241,039 square kilometers, over 75% of which is arable land and 18% comprises of inland waters and wetlands (UNDP, 2007). Uganda has a very high population growth rate of 3.2% per year, higher than the Sub-Saharan Africa average of 2.4% (UNDP, 2007and UBOS, 2006).

The main source of raw water in Gulu is Oyitino dam and it is first treated from Kabedopong water treatment plant before being distributed for consumption whereas the wastewater treatment plant is located in Laroo forest sub ward.  The current total water mains network is 137.15km and 14.5km sewerage.  The mains are composed of several pipe sizes and material i.e. from DN50mm to DN300mm and from DN100mm to DN250mm for water and sewerage respectively. There are 5,271 and 681 connections to water and sewerage network respectively meaning only 12.9% of the connected households get access to the sewer network (NWSC, 2015). Currently, there is a total storage capacity of 6,235 m3 with reservoirs located at Boma, Pece, Army Barracks, Customs corner and Lacor. This storage capacity is enough to cater for the daily demand for water for both domestic use and production which is estimated to be about 15,000m3/day.  However, due to the ever increasing population growth and the high growth rate of economic development in the Area, it is expected that the water demand will continue growing.  The high and medium income families in the area of service have grown tremendously in the last two years and this is attributed to the booming business in the town facilitated with increase in volume of trade between South Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo. The low income earners though are still dominant and still live in grass thatched huts (NWSC, 2016). Government, Donor agencies and communities have spent a lot of funds in the construction of safe water facilities; this has led to the national safe water coverage of 55% as at June 2003. To estimate this coverage, it was assumed that all the Safe Water sources that have been put in place are functional. A study on operations and maintenance conducted in 2001 found that only 71% of water facilities were fully functional and 19%partly functional, leaving 10% completely broken down. Gulu district is one of the most district affected by water shortage in Uganda it’s upon this that this study is intends to investigate assessment of water supply source of oyition dam, Gulu district.

1.2 Problem Statement

In the course of reforms, the government of Uganda has grappled with different approaches under different policy regimes. During the pre-colonial era, clan leaders, elders or kingdoms successfully mobilised community members to participate in self-help projects such as road and water source maintenance (Asingwire 2008).

The government of Uganda has been working in ensuring that there is enough water to all Ugandans, however most parts of Uganda especially Gulu residents are faced with severe water shortage. Gulu district has for long not been in any serious water quantity crisis as Oyitino dam was the water supply source of the town water supply system run by national water and sewerage cooperation (NWSC), it is of recent that these crisis has been experienced yet the town also is experiencing rapid population explosion and infrastructural development thus increased water demand. This would affect SDG-6 for water to be met by Uganda. The assessment is therefore thought for to determine factors for the deterioration of the Oyitino Dam as water supply source for water supply system of the town yet a lot of resources has been invested in the project and there is still more need for the extension of similar project to other area by the government to help meet water demand and recharge of ground water.

PICTURAL VIEW OF OYITINO DAM

1.3 General Objectives of the study

To investigate the sustainability of water supply source of Oyitino Dam, Gulu District

1.4 Specific objectives

1. To examine the ability of oyitino Dam to retain substantial quantity of water visa vie water demand.
2. Assess the quantity of water inflow in to the dam

• Assess water loses from the dam

1. Assess water demand from the dam

1.5 Research   Questions

1. What is the ability of oyitino Dam to retain substantial quantity of water visa vie water demand?
2. What is the quantity of water in flow to the dam?

• What quantity of water is lost from the dam?

1. How much quantity of water is currently demanded?

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study will enable us understand the sustainable balance between water demand and Dam system. As there is still needs to meet SDG6 of water by the government, similar project need to be extended to other area, therefore the assessment for the factors for reservoir deterioration is important as this will act as a bench mark for the upcoming new projects. The study will provide information to other researchers on the weather patterns and its effects on dam system.

1.7 Justification of the Study

The rates of dam failures in the country have been on the increase in recent time. This has resulted to implementation of similar programs already executed in some localities example the karamoja region instead of extending such projects to new areas that have not benefited previously.   As oyitino dam is one them, facing problem of drying out due to changes or variation of weather and yet if these factors are studied and understood, using the Combination of modeling, observations and data assimilation will lead to best estimates of land and water surface states that can be incorporated in the design and such problem would be overcome.

1.8 Scope of the study

This chapter includes, content scope, time scope and geographical scope.

1.8.1 Content scope

This study will include; trend analysis of water supply source of oyition dam, the ability of oyition Dam  to retain substantial quantity of water visa vie water demand and the weather patterns and its effects on dam system.

1.8.2 Geographical scope

The study will be limited to Oyitino dam catchment area, Gulu municipality, Gulu district in Northern Uganda.

1.8.3 Time scope

This study will be carried out from December 2017 to July 2018

1.9 Conceptual framework

For effective water resources and catchment management the critical factors are the appropriate assessment of the interacting components of the catchment processes and resource management action that impact on the water resource (Walmsley, 1996)

                                                        CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Introduction (In here, try as much as possible to relate this literature, first globally, second to the African context, thirdly to the EA context, fourth to the Ugandan context and finally the applicability to the study area within all the subsections provided.

This chapter discusses what various scholars have written about the study topic in relation to objectives.

2.1 Trend of water Supply

Water is central to humanity’s social and economic existence (Agnew and Woodhouse 2011). Not having access to safe water therefore, is a form of deprivation that intimidates people’s life, destroys opportunity and undermines human dignity (UNDP 2006). Cognizant of the importance of water, the United Nations General Assembly recognised the human right to water and sanitation. Despite such aspirations, safe water access is still a challenge. In Africa, it is estimated at 62% with 47% in rural areas (Mathew 2004).

The response to the water governance crisis has taken different forms in developing countries. In situations of insufficient public budgets, corruption and public mismanagement, private sector mechanisms like competition and the efficiency imperative were considered to be a panacea to state failures (McGranahan and Owen 2006; Golooba-Mutebi 2012).

In Uganda, national safe water coverage is estimated at 66% with 42% coverage3 in rural areas (DWD, 2011a). The actual water coverage levels are considered much lower given the hypothetical statistical procedures of deriving the coverage and the fact that most dysfunctional water sources are not controlled for (Carter et al. 1999). The continued water supply deficit, both in Uganda and elsewhere, has been attributed to a water governance crisis (GWP, 2002; Asingwire, 2008; Mugumya, 2013; Starkl et al., 2013).

Despite problems like appropriate water provision technologies, high transaction costs and possible regulatory weaknesses, there is evidence of better performance in private utilities compared to state-owned utilities (Kirkpatrick et al., 2004; Gopakumar 2010).

A third way between central state provision and privatisation is local selfgovernance, also referred to as community-based water management or demand driven approach. Cognizant of the fact that most of the governance problems and issues remain highly local and contextual (Hirsch, 2006), an increasing body of water governance literature encourages inclusion and participation of the local community (Meinzen-Dick, 2007; Carlsson and Sandström, 2008; Marshall 2008; Seixas and Davy, 2008). Referring to Olson (1971), Golooba-Mutebi (2005) challenged the principle mechanism of transferring operation and maintenance (O&M) to local collective action, assuming that associated free riding will necessarily result in a collapse of the mechanisms.

2.2 Weather patterns and its effects on water supply

In accessibility of safe water supply was reported as one of the ten community priority problems in the Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Project (MOFPED, 2000). Poverty is caused by among others lack of clean and poor sanitation, because of the resultant disease burden and restricted production. These findings led the Government and other Development Partners to devote considerable efforts and invest in a bid to respond to this great need.

Droughts have become more common, especially in the tropics and sub-tropics, since the 1970s and it is more likely than not that there is a human contribution to this trend. Decreased land precipitation and increased temperatures, which enhance evapotranspiration and reduce soil moisture, are important factors that have contributed to more regions experiencing droughts, as measured by the Palmer Drought (Chen et al., 2004).

The results of water policy reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa are a mixture of success and failures as indicated by evidence from Uganda (Asingwire 2008).

Due to the still unclear picture of devolution success and failure in Sub-Saharan countries, the institutions coordinating water provision and use in Uganda form an interesting study subject, even more because of the recent change from a supply to a demand-driven approach.

The most dominant climate drivers for water availability are precipitation, temperature and evaporative demand (determined by net radiation at the ground, atmospheric humidity and wind speed, and temperature). Temperature is particularly important in snow-dominated basins and in coastal areas, the latter due to the impact of temperature on sea level (steric sea-level rise due to thermal expansion of water)

Climate change affects groundwater recharge rates (i.e., the renewable groundwater resources) and depths of groundwater tables. However, knowledge of current recharge and levels in both developed and developing countries is poor; and there has been very little research on the future impact of climate change on groundwater, or groundwater–surface water interactions. At high latitudes, thawing of permafrost causes changes in both the level and quality of groundwater, due to increased coupling with surface waters. As many groundwaters both change into and are recharged from surface water, impacts of surface water flow regimes are expected to affect groundwater. Increased precipitation variability may decrease groundwater recharge in humid areas because more frequent (Hall et al., 2002).

There is a degree of uncertainty in estimates of future changes in flood frequency across the UK. Depending on which climate model is used, and on the importance of snowmelt contribution and catchment characteristics and location, the impact of climate change on the flood regime (magnitude and frequency) can be positive or negative, highlighting the uncertainty still remaining in climate change impacts (Reynard et al., 2004)

Higher water temperatures, increased precipitation intensity, and longer periods of low flows are projected to exacerbate many forms of water pollution, including sediments, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, pathogens, pesticides, salt and thermal pollution. This will promote algal blooms (Kumagai et al., 2003), and increase the bacterial and fungal content. This will, in turn, impact ecosystems, human health, and the reliability and operating costs of water systems.

Many non-climatic drivers affect freshwater resources at the global scale (UN, 2003). Both the quantity and quality of water resources are influenced by land-use change, construction and management of reservoirs, pollutant emissions and water and wastewater treatment. Water use is driven by changes in population, food consumption, economy (including water pricing), technology, lifestyle and societal views regarding the value of freshwater ecosystems. The vulnerability of freshwater systems to climate change also depends on national and international water management. It can be expected that Increased precipitation intensity may result in periods of increased turbidity and nutrient and pathogen loadings to surface water sources. The water utility serving New York City has identified heavy precipitation events as one of its major climate-change-related concerns because such events can raise turbidity levels in some of the city’s main reservoirs up to 100 times the legal limit for source quality at the utility’s intake, requiring substantial additional treatment and monitoring costs (Miller and Yates, 2006).

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology which consists of the research design, area of study, study population, sample population and selection, sampling technique, data collection method, data quality control, data collection procedures and limitations of the study.

3.1 Research design

The research will use qualitative and quantitative research designs this is because this research designs will help in completely analyzing the research topic under study.

3.2 Area of the study

The study will be carried out within Oyitino Dam catchment, Gulu District

 3.3 Study population and sample size

The household within the catchment of oyitino dam will be selected for water demand analysis.

3.4 Data Collection methods

The weather pattern data will be collected from Uganda Nnational Mmeteorological Aauthority (UNMA)

It is extremely difficult to estimate these hydrological extremes by one single method

A combination of hydrological modeling, ground observations and remote sensing are all necessary to capture the variability in space and time

Source of data will be from both primary and secondary sources.

(a) Primary data

Primary data will be obtained from the questionnaires administered on the target respondents to gain opinions and practices on assessment of data.

(b) Secondary sources

Secondary data is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other than those of a particular research study. It is data developed for some purpose other than for helping to solve the research problem at hand (Bell, 1997). This will comprise of literature related to assessment of water supply source of Oyitino Dam, Gulu District in relation to the case study. Secondary data will be sourced because it yields more accurate information than that obtained through primary data, and it is also cheaper.

3.6 Data collection procedures

Upon receiving the University permission to carry out research, the area of study will be visited for purposes of familiarization.  The data to be used will be collected from the community through questionnaire, Nnational Wwater and Ssewerage Ccooperation (NWSC) will give quantity of abstraction from the dam daily, weather data will be collected from the weather station at Gulu from UNMA.

Water balance model with IWBMISO They have data for extraction (MODIS data) This should be placed under the reference section and you should at all times provide the date when you accessed this site. http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih

3.7 Quality control of data instruments

The instrument will be taken to the supervisor to check its correctness there after pilot study will be carried out to find out if it measures what it is meant for.

3.8 Data processing and analysis

The raw data will be coded, edited, and arranged ready for analyzing only completed raw data

will be analyzed using water balance model, rainfall modes, and statistical tables and graphs. According to the study done by correct to Basin & Wyseure (2014) (Basin & Wyseure, 2014) on irrigation project in the macul (I believe this is a place)  basin, Ecuado (Is this the spelling?) for the development of agricultural activites,in that study the proposed

water system comprises of three large reserveors damming the river macul and maculillo, (Please note that these are places or objects which demand for capital letters at the beginning)

the river basin planning and operation was investigated by modelling reservoir operation

strategies aiming at a sustainable balance between irrigation and water ecology. In comparison

my study will be looking at sustainability of Oyitino dam vases water demand using water

balance model and rainfall model in WETSPRO software.

3.11 Limitations of the study

Financial constraint, this is in terms of financial support for transport, accommodation, stationary among other requirements that require finance. However, this shall be overcome by soliciting money from sponsors which will assist in making my work a success.

CHAPTER 4 This should not be made a chapter

BUDGET

WORK SCHDULE 2018

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